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Vitamins & Minerals
| Vitamin | Necessary For | Deficiency may result from | Signs of Deficiency | Symptoms of OD | Cautions | Contraindications/Interactions | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Fat Soluble | found in cereals, wheat germ, seeds, nuts, vegetable oils, eggs, meat, poultry | normal metabolism protection of eye, skin, liver, breast, muscle, and lung tissue protects RBCs from damage decreasing platelet clumping *treatment protocols for early Alzheimers management | alcohol abuse malabsorption syndromes like celiac disease sickle cell anemia premies, low birth weight neonates | not firmly established. May show abnormal lab values, like low RBC count | (1200 units) can result in bleeding in pts who are on oral anticoagulants or are Vit K deficient | taken at lowest dosage necessary epecially when on anticoagulant therapy. Can cause increased risk of bleeding including cerebral hemorrhage | excessive use of mineral oil can decrease absorption of Vit E | |
| Vitamin K (Phytonadione)Fat Soluble | found in green or leafy vegtables, cabbage, vegetable oil, cheese, eggs, liver absorbed in the small intestine in the presence of bile salts | blood clotting. Body does not store, but recycles it | malabsorption syndromes like celiac disease, warfarin overdose prolonged use of salicyclates, quinine, long term parenteral nutrition inadequate dietary intake | increased clotting time, petechiae and bruising hematuria blood in stool | pts receiving anticoagulant therapy must be consistent in the amount of vit K rich foods they eat daily to keep levels of prothrombin and other vit K dependent clotting factors stable | |||
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Water Soluble | coenzyme used in carbohydrate metabolism found in whole grains, wheat germ, peas, beans, nuts, yeast, meat | Normal function of the nervous and cardiovascular system | chronic alcoholism and substance abuse malabsorption and liver disease | anorexia and constipation constipation and GI upset neuritis, pain and tingling in extremities muscle weakness mental depression | ||||
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | coenzyme utilized in the metabolism of gluclose, fats, and amino acids Found in milk, eggs, nuts, meats, enriched bread, and green leafy veggies | cell growth and metabolism Regulation of certain hormones and formation of RBC | chronic alcoholism poor diet | glossitis Cheilosis (cracking at the corners of the mouth) Dermatitis Photophobia Vision Loss | ||||
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) water soluble | coenzyme utilized in the metabolism of carbs, fats, proteins, and amino acids found in meats, fish, poultry, legumes, peanuts, soybeans, bananas | chronic alcoholism cirrhosis malabsorption syndrome | seizures in infants neuritis, dermatitis peripheral neuropathy | overdose in pregnant women can result in newborn with seizures who have developed a need for greater amounts of pyridoxine | ||||
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin) water soluble | found in organ meat, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese. Absorption depends on intrinsic factor, which is normally present in gastric juice | maturation of RBC and maintenance of nervous system | vegetarian diets gastrectomy or intestinal resections pernicious anemia | anemia weakness poor muscle coordination confusion, disorientation paresthesia | Interactions-Neomyacin | side effects- transient diarrhea, itching, urticaria, anaphylaxis | ||
| Vitamin C (Asorbic Acid) Water Soluble | considered antioxidant. unstable when exposed to heat or air or combined with alkaline compounds, like an antacid | formation of collagen normal teeth, gum, and bone development absorption of Iron Healing of wounds and fractures | diet lacking fresh fruits and veg alcoholism infections hemodialysis smokin | (Scurvy) muscle weakness cramping sore bleeding gums, loose teeth bruising, dry, scaly skin poor healing | side effects of large doses Heartburn abd cramps n&v +uric acid levels +urinary calcium | Interactions aspirin- causes elevated blood level of aspirin Iron | ||
| Vitamin A (Retinol, Beta Carotene) FAT SOLUBLE | processed in the body from the carotene of - yellow-orange, dark-leafy vegetables -fruits -oily saltwater fish -dairy & eggs | -Infection Resistance -Night Vision -Bone and soft tissue development -Healing of wounds -Reproduction | -inability to absorb fats -diarrhea -obstuction of bile -mineral oil in intestines -overcooking of veggies in an open container -prolonged fever/infection | -night blindness -slow growth, weight loss, bone & teeth deformities | hypervitaminosis A -irritability, psychiatric symptoms -brittle nails, dry skin & hair -myalgia, joint pain -+ intracranial pressure, vertigo, coma | kidney or liver problems diabetes | contraindicated for women who are or planning to become pregnant-can cause fetal malformation | |
| Vitamin D (D2- Calciferol, D3-Cholecalciferol, D3- Ergocalciferol) Fat Soluble | synthesized in the body through the absorption of sunlight on the skin Also found in fish oil (salmon, tuna) food products fortified with Vit D like milk and cereals | maintenance of normal nerve and muscle regulating absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus for bones and teeth pregnancy and lactation | poor tooth and bone structure skeletal deformities osteoporosis osteomalacia tetany (muscle spasms) | muscle/bone pain kidney damage/kidney stone formation heart rhythm abnormality hypercalcemia with convulsions or confusion fetal disorders | do not exceed DRA with cardiovascular disease kidney diseases pregnancy | interactions may occur with digoxin mineral oil may interfere with intestinal absorption of Vit D | people with low Vitamin D twice as likely to develop CAD, heart failure, stroke, hypertension, diabetes |
Created by:
chelseastout
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