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Finals Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Petroleum | Flammable liquid mixture formed from decay of ancient animals |
| Nuclear fusion | Converting mass into energy by combining atomic nuclei at high temperature |
| Fission | Process of splitting U-235 atoms to produce thermal energy |
| Photovoltaic cell | Convert radiant energy directly into electricity |
| Geothermal energy | Thermal energy contained in and around magma |
| Medium of wave | Physical environment through which a disturbance can travel |
| Period | Time it takes for a cycle to occur |
| Frequency | Number of cycles per unit of time |
| Transverse wave | A wave whose particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction that the wave is traveling |
| Compression | Region where density and pressure are at max |
| Rarefaction | Region where density and pressure are at minimum |
| Sound waves | Compression waves produces by vibrating objects |
| Ultrasonic waves | Sound waves above 20,000 hz |
| Audible sound waves | Sound waves between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz |
| Infrasonic waves | Sound waves with frequency below 20 hz |
| Electromagnetic waves | Waves produces by the oscilatting magnetic and electric fields that surround vibrating objects |
| Radio waves | Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than 10 cm |
| Microwaves | Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 0.1 mm and 30 mm |
| Infrared waves | Waves between 1/1000 m and 700 billionth of a meter |
| Visible light | Waves between 400nm and 700nm |
| Ultraviolet waves | Waves between 400 billionth to 10 billionth of a meter |
| X-rays | Waves between 10 billionth of a meter to 10 trillionths of a meter |
| Gamma rays | Waves with wavelenghts shorter than 100 trillionths of a meter |
| Translucent | Some light passes through |
| Transparent | All light passes through |
| Opaque | No light Passes through |
| Refraction | Bending of waves caused by a change in their speed when entering a new material |
| Primary colors of light | Red, blue, and green Mix all=white |
| Primary pigment colors | Magenta cyan and yellow |
| Convex lens | Thicker in middle and thinner on outside Seeing long distance |
| Concave lens | Thicker on outside and thinner on inside Seeing short distance |
| Crystalline solid | Particles have specific geometric shape |
| Amorphous solid | No specific melting point |
| Sublimation | Solid to gas |
| Deposition | Gas to solid |
| Archimedes principle | Buoyant force is = weight of fluid displaced by object |
| Pascal principle | Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid |
| Venture effect | Narrowing stream of a fluid increases the velocity |
| Boyless law | When volume and pressure have an indirect relationship when temperature is held constant |
| Charles law | When volume and temperature have a direct relationship when pressure is held constant |
| Gay-lussac law | When pressure and temperature have a direct relationship when volume is held constant |
| Heterogeneous mixture | Materials remain distinct |
| Homogenous mixture | Mixture which is well blended |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different number of nuetrons |
| Valance electrons | Electrons in the outermost level of an atom |
| Henry Mosely | Created modern periodic table |
| Dimitri mendeleev | Created first periodic table. Organized by atomic mass |
| Groups | Vertical colounms in periodic table |
| Periods | Row on periodic table |
| Ductile | Can be drawn into wires |
| Malleable | Easily bent or pounded into sheets |
| Chemical bond | Force that holds atoms together in a compound |
| Ionic bond | Type of bond formed when electrons ate transferred between atoms |
| Ion | A charged particles that has either more or fewer electrons than protons |
| Oxidation number | Combining ability of an atom |
| Covalent bond | The attraction that forms between atoms when they share electrons |
| Non-polar covalent bonds | Electrons are shared equally between atoms |
| Polar covalent bond | Electrons are shared unequally |
| Polar molecule | The unequal sharing of electrons that results in a slightly positive and slightly negative end to a molecule |
| Non-polar molecule | Molecule ghat does not have oppusitely charged ends |
| Hydrate | A compound that has water molecules built into it |
| Balance chemical equation | Chemical equation with the same number of atoms of each elements on both sides of the equation |
| Synthesis reaction | Two or more substances combine to form another substance |
| Decomposition reaction | When one substance breaks down into two or more su substances |
| Single displacement reaction | One element replaces another in a compound |
| Double displacement | The positive ions of one compound replaces the positive ions of another compound to make two new compounds |
| Exergonic reaction | Chemical reaction that releases energy |
| Exothermic | Chemical reaction in which thermal energy is released |
| Endergonic reaction | Chemical reaction that absorbs energy |
| Endothermic reaction | Chemical reaction that absorbs thermal energy |
| Reaction rate | Increase temp concentration pressure and surface area |
| Catalysts | A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without changing itself |
| Enzyme | Biological catalyst |
| Inhiboter | Substance that slows down a chemical reaction or prevent a reaction from happening |
| Solution | Homogenous mixture |
| Solute | Substance being dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | Substance in a larger quantity that is doing the dissolving |
| Alliy | Mixture of elements with metallic properties |
| Dilute | Relatively small amount of solute in solvent |
| Concentrated | Large amount of soluts |
| Ionization | The process in whichpositive and negative ions of an ionic solid mix whith solvent to forma solution |
| Titration | The process in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution |
| Fractional distillation | Process that separates petroleum hydrocarbons |
| Coal | Solid fossil fuel that can be mined |
| Group 1 of periodic table | Alkali metals |
| Group 2 of periodic table | Alkaline earth metals |
| Group 3-12 of periodic table | Transition metals |
| Group 13 of periodic table | Boron group |
| Group 14 of periodic table | Carbon group |
| Group 15 of periodic table | Nitrogen group |
| Group 16 of periodic table | Oxygen group |
| Group 17 of periodic table | Halogens |
| Group 18 of periodic table | Noble gases |
| Amplitude | The max displacementfrom the equilibrium |
| Diffraction | The bending of waves around a barrier |
| Photon | Massless bundle of energy that behaves as a particle |
| Incadesent light | Generated by heating a metal filament |
| Coherent light | Light of only one wavelength that travels in one direction |
| Incoherent light | Light that can have more than one wavelength |
| Transceiver | Device that both sends and recieves radio waves |
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