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medical terminology
medical terminology CH 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gastr/o | stomach |
| enter | small intestine |
| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| -itis | inflammation |
| my/o | muscle |
| myel/o | spinal cord |
| oste/o | bone |
| neur/o | nerve |
| arthr/o | joint |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| -rrhaphy | surgical suturing |
| neuroplasty | surgical repair of nerve |
| neurorrhaphy | suturing together the ends of a severed nerve |
| tonsill | tonsils |
| -ectomy | surgical removal |
| tonsillitis | inflammation of tonsils |
| tonsillectomy | surgical removal of the tonsils |
| cyan/o | blue |
| cyanosis | blue discoloration of skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood |
| -osis | abnormal condition or disease |
| erythr/o | red |
| erythrocyte | mature red blood cell |
| -cyte | cell |
| leuk/o | white |
| leukocyte | white blood cell |
| melan/o | black |
| melanosis | any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissue or organs |
| poli/o | gray |
| poliomyelitis | viral infection of the gray nerve tissue of the spinal cord |
| suffixes as noun endings | -a, -um, -y, -e, -us |
| suffixes meaning "pertaining to" | -ac, -al, -an, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ical, -ial, -ic, -ine, -ior, -ory, -ous, -tic |
| suffixes meaning "abnormal conditions" | -ago, -esis, -ia, -iasis, -ion, -ism, -osis |
| cardi | heart |
| gastrosis | any disease of the stomach |
| pathology | study of all aspects of diseases |
| path | disease |
| -ology | study of |
| -algia | pain and suffering |
| gastralgia | stomachache |
| -dynia | pain |
| gastrodynia | pain in the stomach |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| hepatomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the liver |
| hepat/o | liver |
| -malacia | abnormal softening |
| arteriomalacia | abnormal softening of the walls of an artery or arteries |
| arteri/o | artery |
| -sclerosis | abnormal hardening |
| -necrosis | tissue death |
| arterionecrosis | tissue death of the artery or arteries |
| arteriosclerosis | abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries |
| -stenosis | abnormal narrowing |
| arteriostenosis | abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries |
| -centesis | surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid |
| abdominocentesis | surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid |
| abdomen/o | abdomen |
| -graphy | process of producing a picture or record |
| angiography | process of producing a radiographic study of blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium to make these blood vessels visible |
| angi/o | blood vessels |
| -gram | picture or record |
| angiogram | the resulting film that is produced by angiography |
| -scopy | visual examination |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of the internal structure of a joint |
| -rrhage | abnormal excessive fluid discharge |
| -rrhagia | bleeding or severe bleeding |
| hem/o | blood |
| hemorrhage | loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time |
| -rrhea | flow or discharge and refers to most body fluids |
| diarrhea | frequent flow of loose or water stools |
| dia- | through |
| myorrhaphy | surgical suturing of a muscle wound and includes the us of sutures, staple, or surgical glue |
| nat | pertaining to birth |
| prenatal | time and event before birth |
| perinatal | refers to time and events surrounding birth |
| peri- | surrounding |
| pre- | before |
| postnatal | refers to time an events after birth |
| post- | after |
| ab- | away from, negative, absent |
| dextr/o | right side |
| ex- | out of, outside, away from |
| macro- | large, abnormal size, or long |
| mega-, megal/o | large, great |
| ad- | toward to, in the direction of |
| sinister/o | left side |
| in- | in, into, not, without |
| micr/o, micro- | small |
| olig/o | scanty, few |
| ab- | away from |
| dys- | bad, difficult, or painful |
| hyper- | excessive or increased |
| hypertension | higher than normal blood presure |
| inter- | between or among |
| interstitial | between, but not within, the parts of a tissue |
| sub- | under, less, or below |
| subcostal | below a rib or ribs |
| addiction | being drawn toward or having a strong dependence on a drug or substance |
| eu- | good, normal, well or easy |
| eupnea | easy or normal breathing |
| hypo- | deficient or decreased |
| hypotension | lower than normal blood pressure |
| intra- | within or inside |
| intramuscular | within the muscle |
| super-, supra- | above or excessive |
| supracostal | above or outside the ribs |
| ot/o | ear |
| rhin/o | nose |
| laryng | larynx or throat |
| otorhinolaryngology | the study of the ear, nose and throat |
| lithotomy | surgical removal of a stone, or an examination position which patient is lying on back feet and legs raised |
| edema | swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues or cavities of the body |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| phalanges | plural form, for the bones of the fingers and toes |
| phalanx | singular form, for bones of the fingers and toes |
| end- | within |
| endarterial | pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery |
| ather/o | plaque or fatty substance |
| -oma | tumor |
| atheroma | fatty deposit within the wall of an artery |
| arthralgia | pain in joint |
| col | colon |
| -ostomy | surgical creation of an artificial opening |
| colostomy | the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface |
| -otomy | cutting or a surgical incision |
| colotomy | surgical incision into the colon |
| sign | objective evidence of disease, such as fever |
| diagnosis | the identification of a disease |
| acute | condition has rapid onset, a severe course, and a relatively short duration |
| disease | a condition in which one or more body parts are not functioning normally. |
| symptom | subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache |
| differential diagnosis | also known as rule out. is an attempt to determine which one of several possible diseases is causing the signs and symptoms that are present |
| remission | the temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a disease without having achieved a cure |
| acronym | is a word formed from the initial letter of the major parts of a compound term |
| fissure | is a groove or crack-like sore of the skin |
| fistula | is an abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body |
| ileum | is the last and longest portion of the small intestine |
| ilium | is part of the hip bone |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges |
| mening | meninges |
| tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon |
| tendin | tendon |
| infection | is the invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism (disease-producing) |
| malaise | is a word of French origin referring to a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness that is often the first indication of an infection or other disease |
| exudate | is a fluid, such a pus that leaks out of an infected wound |
| inflammation | is localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues |
| laceration | is a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut |
| lesion | is a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury |
| mucous | describes the specialized membranes that line the body cavities |
| mucus | is the name of the fluid secreted by these mucous membranes |
| myc/o | fungus |
| mycosis | describes any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus |
| myelopathy | describes any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord |
| myopathy | describes any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue |
| -ologist | specialist |
| dermat | skin |
| dermatologist | specialist that diagnoses and treats disorders of the skin |
| neonatology | study of disorders of the newborn |
| neo- | new |
| palpation | is an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts |
| palpitation | is a pounding or racing heart |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| py/o | pus |
| pyoderma | any acute inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo |
| pyr/o | fever or fire |
| pyrosis | heartburn |
| supination | is the act of rotating the arm so that the hand is forward or upward |
| suppuration | is the formation or discharge of pus |
| triage | is the medical screening of patients to determine their priority of need and proper place of treatment |
| trauma | wound or injury |
| viral | pertaining to a virus |
| virile | having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male |
| anatomy | the study of the structures of the body |
| physiology | the study of the functions of the structures of the body |
| physi | nature or physical |
| anatomical position | describes the body standing: standing up straight, facing forward, arms at side, hands turned with palms face to the front |
| body planes | imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes |
| vertical plane | an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon |
| sagittal plane | is a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions |
| midsagittal plane (midline) | divides the body into equal left and right halves |
| frontal plane | a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions |
| anterior | front |
| posterior | back |
| horizontal plane | is a flat, crosswise plane |
| transverse plane | a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions |
| inferior | lower |
| superior | upper |
| ventral | refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body |
| dorsal | refers to the back of the organ or body |
| cephalic | toward the head |
| cephal | head |
| caudal | toward the lower part of the body |
| caud | tail or lower part of the body |
| proximal | situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure |
| distal | situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure |
| medial | the direction toward or nearer the midline |
| lateral | the direction toward or nearer the side of the body, away from the midline |
| dorsal cavity | located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and divided into two portions: cranial cavity and spinal cavity |
| cranial cavity | located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain |
| spinal cavity | located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord |
| ventral cavity | located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis |
| homeostasis | process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment |
| home/o | constant |
| thoracic cavity (chest cavity or thorax) | surrounds and protects the heart and lungs |
| abdominal cavity | the space formed by hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems |
| abdominopelvic cavity | refers to these two cavities as a single unit (abdomen and pelvic) |
| inguinal | relating to the groin, the entire lower area of the abdomen |
| right and left hypochondriac regions | covered by lower ribs |
| chondr/i | cartilage |
| epigastric region | located above the stomach |
| epi- | above |
| right and left lumbar regions | located near the inward curve of the spine |
| lumb | lower back |
| umbilical region | surrounds the umbilicus (belly button or navel) |
| right and left iliac regions | located near the hip bones |
| hypogastric region | located below the stomach |
| peritoneum | a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity |
| membrane | thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides a space or organ |
| parietal peritoneum | is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall |
| mesentery | is a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall |
| visceral peritoneum | is the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity |
| visceral | relating to the internal organs |
| retroperitoneal | located behind the peritoneum |
| retro- | behind |
| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| cytology | study of the anatomy, physiology and chemistry of the cell |
| cyt | cell |
| cytologist | specialist in the study and analysis of cells |
| cell membrane | the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from external environment |
| cytoplasm | the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus |
| plasm | formative material of cells |
| nucleus | is surrounded by nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide |
| stem cells | unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division |
| adult stem cells | somatic stem cells. undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in tissues or organs (they maintain and repair tissue were they are found) |
| hemopoietic | blood forming |
| embryonic stem cells | undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; they have an important ability to form any adult cell |
| embry/o | fertilized ovum |
| genetics | the study genes |
| gene | producing |
| genome | the complete set of genetic information of an organism |
| chromosome | a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell |
| somatic cell | any cell in the body except the gametes |
| gamete | sperm or egg |
| genetic mutation | a change of the sequence of DNA molecule |
| genetic disorder | (hereditary disorder) a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene |
| cystic fibrosis | a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems |
| down syndrome | a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities |
| hemophilia | hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. |
| Huntington's disease | a genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. the damage eventually results in uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities |
| muscular dystrophy | genetic disease characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | a rare genetic disorder which the essential digestive enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, is missing |
| tissue | group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions |
| histology | microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues |
| histologist | a non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues |
| hist | tissue |
| epithelial tissue | forms a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body |
| epithelium | specialized tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes |
| endothelium | specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs |
| connective tissues | support and connect organs and other body tissues |
| dense connective tissues | bone and cartilage, forms the joints, and framework of the body |
| adipose tissue | FAT, provides protective padding, insulation and support |
| adip | fat |
| lose connective tissue | surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cell and blood vessels |
| liquid connective tissue | blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body |
| muscle tissue | contains cells with specialized ability to contract and relax |
| nerve tissue | contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses |
| aplasia | the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue |
| hypoplasia | the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells |
| -plasia | formation |
| anaplasia | a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other |
| ana- | backward |
| dysplasia | the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs |
| hyperplasia | the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of the abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues |
| hypertrophy | a general increase in bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the sixe but not number, of cells in tissues |
| -trophy | development |
| gland | a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions |
| secretion | the substance produced by a gland |
| exocrine glands | secrete chemical substance into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, like sweat glands |
| endocrine glands | produce hormones. directly into the bloodstream and then transported to organs and structure throughout the body |
| crine | secrete |
| aden | gland |
| adenoids | refer to a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx |
| adenitis | inflammation of a gland |
| adenocarcinoma | a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue |
| carcin | cancerous |
| malignant | harmful, capable of spreading and potentially life threatening |
| adenoma | benign tumor that arises in and resembles glandular tissue |
| benign | not life threatening |
| adenomalcia | the abnormal softening of a gland |
| adenosis | any disease or condition of a gland |
| adenosclerosis | the abnormal hardening of a gland |
| adenectomy | the surgical removal of a gland |
| organ | somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function |
| pathology | the study of disease |
| pathologist | a physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of disease tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis |
| etiology | the study of the causes of diseases |
| eti- | cause |
| transmission | the spread of disease |
| contamination | a pathogen is possibly present |
| communicable disease | contagious disease, any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects |
| communicable | capable of being transmitted |
| indirect contact transmission | situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface |
| bloodborne transmission | spread of disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with infected blood |
| droplet transmission | spread of disease such as measles, cold and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object |
| food-borne transmission | (fecal-oral transmission) is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens present |
| vector-borne transmission | the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector |
| vector | describes insects or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs that are capable of transmitting a disease |
| epidemiologist | specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group |
| dem/i | population |
| endemic | the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area |
| epidemic | a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area |
| pandemic | to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide |
| functional disorder | produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified |
| iatrogenic illness | an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment |
| idiopathic disorder | an illness without know cause |
| idi/o | peculiar to the individual |
| infectious disorder | an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria or viruses |
| nosocomial infection | a disease acquired in a hospital or clinic setting |
| organic disorder | produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body |
| congenital disorder | an abnormal condition that exist at the time of birth |
| congenital | existing at birth |
| developmental disorder | (birth defects), resulting in an anomaly or malformation such as absence of a limb or presence of an extra toe |
| anomaly | a deviation from what is regarded as normal |
| atresia | describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular |
| prenatal influences | mother's health, her behavior and prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | baby has physical or behavioral traits due to mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy |
| geriatrics or gerontology | study of medical problems and care of older people |
| general practitioner (GP) | provides ongoing care for patients of all ages |
| internist | physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of internal organs and related body systems |
| pediatrician | physician specializing in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infant and children |
| geriatrician | physician who specializes in older people |
| nurse practitioner (NP) | nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider |
| physician assistant (PA) | a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician |
| medical receptionist | schedules and registers patients for appointments and also may work as a medical assistant |
| medical assistant | performs administration and clinical tasks |
| medical coder | reviews patients medical records and assigns medical codes for treatments and services |
| ossification | process which fragile membranes and cartilage start turning into bone |
| osteoclasts | break down old and damage bone |
| osteoblasts | help rebuild the bone |
| periosteum | fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| oste | bone |
| compact bone (cortical bone) | dense, hard and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bone |
| spongy bone (cancellous bone) | porous, which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone. location of red bone marrow, |
| medullary cavity | the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone. where red and yellow bone marrow is stored |
| medullary | pertaining to the inner section |
| endosteum | tissue that lines the medullary cavity |
| red bone marrow | located in spongy bone. is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes |
| hemopoietic | formation of blood cells |
| yellow bone marrow | functions as fat storage area. located in the medullary cavity of long bones |
| cartilage | smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones |
| articular cartilage | covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate to form joints. this type of cartilage allows for smooth movement and protects bones from rubbing against each other |
| meniscus | is the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw |
| diaphysis | the shaft of a long bone |
| epiphyses | are wider ends of the long bone |
| foramen | an opening in a bone through blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass |
| process | normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for muscle or tendon |
| fibrous joints | inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold bones tightly together |
| joints | are the place of union between two or more bones. classified according to their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow |
| fontanelles (soft spot) | present on the skull of new borns |
| cartilaginous joints | allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. ex: pubic symphysis |
| synovial joint | created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. ex: ball and socket, hinge joints |
| ligaments | bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining bone to cartilage. ex: knee |
| bursa | a fibrous ac that acts as cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction. ex: shoulder, elbow, knee |
| axial skeleton | protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. consists of 80 bones. |
| appendicular skeleton | makes body movements possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. consist of 126 bones |
| ankylosis | loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure |
| ankl | crooked or bent or stiff |
| adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) | painful anklyosis of the shoulder |
| capsule | little box |
| arthrosclerosis | stiffness of the joints |
| baker's cyst (popliteal cyst) | fluid fill sac behind knee |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| burs | bursa |
| chondromalacia | abnormal softening of cartilage |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| costochondritis | inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum |
| hallux valgus (bunion) | abnormalenlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe |
| hallux | big toe |
| valgus | bent |
| hemarthrosis | blood within a joint |
| polymyalgia rheumatica | inflammation disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs |
| poly- | many |
| sprain | occurs when a ligament that connects bones to joints is wrenched or torn |
| synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint |
| synov | synovial membrane |
| dislocation (luxation) | the total displacement of a bone from its joint |
| subluxation | the partial displacement of a bone from its joint |
| arthritis | inflammation condition of one or more joints |
| osteoarthritis (wear and tear arthritis) | commonly associated with aging. degenerative joint disease. wearing away of the articular cartilage within joints |
| degenerative | breaking down or impairment of a body part |
| osteophytes | bone spurs |
| spondylosis (spinal arthritis) | degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function |
| spondyl | vertebrae |
| gout (gouty arthritis) | arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joint |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked |
| ankylosing spondylitis | a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae |
| ankylosing | progressive stiffing of a joint or joints |
| juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder affecting children 16 years or younger |
| herniated disk (slipped or ruptured disk) | the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve roots |
| lumbago | pain in lumbar region of the spine |
| lumb | lumbar |
| -ago | diseased condition |
| spondylolisthesis | forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebrae or sacrum |
| -listhesis | slipping |
| spina bifida | congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it |
| bifida | split |
| kyphosis | abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as view from the side (humpback, dowager's hump) |
| kyph | hump |
| lordosis | abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine |
| lord | bent backward |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine |
| scoli | curved |
| avascular necrosis | area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow |
| vascul | blood vessels |
| necrosis | tissue death |
| craniostenosis | malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures |
| crani/o | skull |
| -stenosis | abnormal narrowing |
| osteitis | inflammation of a bone |
| osteomalacia (adult rickets) | abnormal softening of bones in adults |
| osteomyelitis | an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone |
| paget's disease | chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs |
| periostitis | inflammation of the periosteum |
| Rickets | deficiency disease occurring in children. defective bone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D |
| short statue (dwarfism) | condition resulting from failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length |
| talipes (clubfoot) | congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bone) |
| primary bone cancer | rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone |
| secondary bone cancer | tumors that have metastasized to bones from another organ |
| myeloma | a type of cancer that occurs in blood making cells found in red bone marrow |
| osteochondroma | a benign bony projection covered with cartilage |
| osteoporosis | marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging |
| osteopenia | thinner-than-average bone density |
| -penia | deficiency |
| compression fracture (vertebral crush fracture) | occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself |
| Colles' fracture (fractured wrist) | fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on hands |
| osteoporotic hip fracture (broken hip) | caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis, can be spontaneously or a result from fall |
| osteoporotic | pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones |
| fracture | broken bone |
| closed fracture (simple fracture or complete fracture) | bone is broken, but no open wound in the skin |
| open fracture (compound fracture) | bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin |
| comminuted fracture | bone is splintered or crushed |
| greenstick fracture (incomplete fracture) | bone is bent and only partially broken |
| oblique fracture | occurs at an angle across the bone |
| pathologic fracture | weakened bone breaks under normal strain |
| spiral fracture | fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart |
| stress fracture | is an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic excessive impact |
| transverse fracture | fracture occurs straight across the bone |
| fat embolus | form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow marrow are released into the blood |
| crepitation (crepitus) | the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together |
| callus | forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break, also means thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing |
| radiograph (x-ray) | x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of the internal structure of a joint |
| bone marrow biopsy | diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test |
| bone marrow aspiration | the use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | used to image soft tissue structures |
| allogenic | originating within another |
| autologous | originating within an individual |
| orthotic | mechanical appliance |
| prosthesis | substitute for a diseased or missing body part |
| arthrodesis (surgical ankyloses) | surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint |
| arthrolysis | surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint |
| lysis | loosening or setting free |
| arthroscopic surgery | a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of interior of a joint |
| chondroplasty | surgical repair of damaged cartilage |
| synovectomy | surgical removal of a synovial membrane |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a damaged joint |
| percutaneous diskectomy | performed to treat herniated disk |
| percutaneous | performed through the skin |
| percutaneous vertebroplasty | performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures |
| laminectomy | the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra |
| spinal fusion | technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae |
| fusion | join together |
| craniectomy | surgical removal of a portion of the skull |
| craniotomy | surgical incision or opening into the skull |
| cranioplasty | surgical repair of the skull |
| osteoclasis | surgical fracture of bone to correct a deformity |
| ostectomy | surgical removal of bone |
| osteorrhaphy | surgical suturing or wiring together of bones |
| osteotomy | the surgical cutting of a bone |
| periosteotomy | an incision through the periosteum to the bone |
| closed reduction (manipulation) | the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation |
| immobilization (stabilization) | act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast |
| traction | a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment |
| external fixation | a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing |
| internal fixation (open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)) | a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place |
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