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Central Rays - Skull
radiographic positioning for skull exams
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SKULL: LATERAL | Perpendicular - 2" superior to EAM |
| SKULL: TRAUMA LATERAL (DORSAL DECUBITUS) | Horizonal & perpendicular to a point 2" above EAM |
| SKULL: TRAUMA AP AXIAL (TOWNE) | 30 degrees caudal to OML or 37 degrees to IOML |
| SKULL: AP AXIAL (Towne) | Thru foramen magnum, 30 degrees caudal to OML or 37 degrees caudal to IOML. 2.5" above GLABELLA |
| SKULL: PA AXIAL (HAAS) | 25 degrees cephalic to OML, entering 1.5" below INION and exiting 1.5" above NASION |
| SKULL: PA | Perpendicular, exiting nasion |
| SKULL: PA (CALDWELL) | 15 degrees caudal, exiting nasion |
| SKULL: SMV (SCHULLER) | Perpendicular to IOML, between mandible at 3/4" anterior at EAM level |
| PARANASAL SINUSES: (LATERAL) | Perpendicular, horizontal .5" - 1" posterior to outer canthus |
| PARANASAL SINUSES: (SMV) BASAL | Perpendicular to IOML via SELLA TURCICA, 3/4" anterior to level of EAM |
| PARANASAL SINUSES: OPEN MOUTH (WATERS) | Exit acanthion |
| PARANASAL SINUSES: PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS) | Perpendicular, horizontal exiting acanthion |
| FRONTAL, ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL SINUSES: PA Axial (Caldwell) | Nasion at angle of 15-degrees caudal to OML |
| NASAL BONES: LATERAL | Perpendicular to bridge of nose, 1/2" distal to nasion |
| FACIAL BONES: PA (MODIFIED OR SHALLOW WATERS) | Perpendicular to exit acanthion |
| FACIAL BONES: PA AXIAL (CALDWELL) | Exit nasion at 15 degrees caudal angle |
| FACIAL BONES: PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS) | Perpendicular to exit acanthion |
| FACIAL BONES: LATERAL | Perpendicular into zygomatic bones, half-way betwee OUTER CANTHUS and EAM |
| ORBITS: (PA AXIAL) | Thru center of orbits at 30 degrees caudal |
| ORBITS: PARIETOACANTHIAL (MODIFIED WATERS) | Perpendicular thru mid-orbits |
| ORBITS: (LATERAL) | Perpendicular to OUTER CANTHUS |
| MANDIBLE: PA AXIAL - RAMI | Directed 20 - 25 degrees cephalic to exit ACANTHION |
| MANDIBLE: AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE | 25 degrees cephalic thru mandibular region of interest |
| MANDIBLE: SMV | Perpendicular to IOML, centered between mandible angles |
| ZYGOMATIC ARCHES: (SMV) | Perpendicular to IOML, entering MSP of throat at level 1" posterior to OUTER CANTHUS |
| MANDIBLE: PA | Perpendicular to lip level |
| TMJ: AP AXIAL | 35 degrees caudal, centered between TMJs. |
Created by:
rad1958tech
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