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Cognition
the process whereby we acquire and use language/knowledge
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cognition | the process whereby we acquire and use language/knowledge |
| information processing model | computer like model describing human encoding, storing and retrieving information. |
| Encoding | translation of information into a form in which it can be stored. Store them for the long run, how we can access them later on. |
| Visual | see in you mind as a picture |
| Acoustic | read list and repeat it; sequence of sounds |
| Semantic | "related to meaning;" tried to make into phrase or sentence |
| Storage | maintenance of encoded information over a period of time; help to improve your long and short term memory |
| Maintenance (ROTE) Rehearsal | repeating information; shallow processing -> stays short term, just repetition |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | relate in to information already known; deep process -> what you want to achieve. Stays for the long term |
| Organizational Systems | files, groups classes by common features -> files in our brains |
| Retrieval | locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought (pre-conscious) |
| Context-Dependent | situation in which the memory was first stored. (Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon.) |
| State-Dependent | same emotional state when first stored memories. (someone who give such distinct, detailed information on a day that gave them a lot of impact.) |
| Memory | ability to bring to conscious awareness thing experienced, imagined or learned (Stages of Memory (3) -> sensory -> STM -> LTM |
| Sensory Register | gateway between perception and memory; entry points for raw information from the senses. |
| Masking | refreshing of the sensory memory |
| Iconic | 0.5 seconds long (visual) |
| Echoic | 3-4 Seconds long (Auditory: few seconds) |
| Short Term Memory | briefly stores and processes selected information from the sensory registers |
| Working Memory | process new information and relate to relevant information in the LTM |
| Chunking | grouping together items into manageable units. |
| Long Term Store | relatively permanent memories and knowledge. (most info. semantically coded) (elaborate rehearsal {deep processing} ) |
| Episodic Memory | specific events we ourselves have experienced. |
| Semantic Memory | facts, figures and general world knowledge. |
| Procedural | skills and habits |
| Emotional | learned emotional responses to various stimuli |
| explicit | readily expressed, are aware of intentionally retrieved (episodic and semantic) "Effortful" = attention and conscious effort |
| implicit | not readily expressed, may not be aware of, cannot be intentionally retrieved, (procedural and emotional) "automatic" = unconscious and incidental |
| Schemas (Top down) | organize bits of information into knowledge; set of belief/ expectations about something/ someone (events, situations, interactions, people) influence perception and storage of memories. |
| Serial Position Effect | tendencies of memory when leaving when learning a list of items. |
| Primacy | remember early items. Predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of the a list. |
| Recency | remember last items. Demonstrated by our ability to recall the items at the end of a list, |
| Flashbulb Memory | vivid memory of an episode even in great detail. (amygdala) ex: death of Micheal Jackson, 9/11, assassination of John F. Kennedy. |
| Eidetic Memory | photographic memory; sharp and detailed images of something seen; kept in LTM |
| Neurotransmitters | norepinephrine and acetylcholine |
| STM | Prefrontal and Temporal Lobes (Cortex) |
| LTM | throughout cortex/ semantic and episodic in frontal and temporal Lobes |
| Hippocampus | short term memory (anterograde amnesia) and transfer to LTM; conditioned responses. |
| Amygadala | emotional |
| Cerebellum | procedural (Basil Ganglia) Balancing |
| Long Term Potentiation | increase in cells firing potentials after stimulation; strengthening of neural pathways. |
| Recognition | identifying objects or events that have been encountered before. |
| Recall | to bring it back or reconstructing your mind (ebbinghaus studied STM) |
| Relearning | Learning again things we once knew. |
| Automaticity | mastering a skill; achieved through long, hard repetitive practice ex) soccer, instrument... etc) |
| Priming | exposure leads one to think/ or respond in a particular way without conscious awareness. ex) the video we watched about the man that had a weird nose, but he actually didn't. |
| Decay/Fading | Forgetting memory overtime |
| Source Amnesia | attribute event (memory) to different source. |
| Reconstruction | fit together pieces of an event that seem likely. (Schema: pushing info in) |
| Retrograde Amensia | inability to recall events preceding accident/ injury; (not effect earlier memory) |
| Anterograde Amnesia | inability to form new memories. |
| Infantile Amnesia | cognitive and biological factors |
| Repression | traumatic experiences moved from our conscious to unconscious mind (Freud) |
| Interference | new information disrupts or snores aside what is already in memory (STM ONLY HOLD LIMITED INFO.) |
| Mnemonic Devices | systems for remembering information |
| Method of Loci (Location) | memorize familiar locations sequentially to attach new information. |
| Peg Word | simple rhyming method to attach new information. |
| Images | nonverbal mental representations of the thing itself |
| Symbols | something that represents or stands for something else. |
| Concepts | way of grouping or classifying the world around us by common feature (Basic elements) |
| 1) Prototype/ Typicality | Degree to which an object fits the average. |
| 2) Super Ordinant Concept | very broad; encompasses a large group of items. |
| 3) Basic Concept | smaller and more specific (bread) |
| 4) Subordinate Concept | even smaller and more specific (Hawaiian sweet bread) |
| Creativity | process of producing something novel; yet worthwhile Divergent: many solutions Convergent: narrow down choices |
| Nondirected (free/ choices) | thought process such as daydreaming; fantiasizing |
| Directed | reasoning; drawing inferences; problem solving (PURPOSE) |
| Deductive Reasoning | logical conclusions from general statements |
| Inductive Reasoning | drawing general inferences from specific observations |
| Serial | one problem at a time; solution is input for the next. |
| Parallel | many individual problems at once. (more memory but faster) |
| Algorithms | systematic, mechanical approaches that guarantee an answer to the problem. A rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method. |
| Heuristics | short cuts or rule of thumb. A rule that is generally but not always, true that we can use to make a judgment in a situation. |
| Decision Making Heuristics | different because we know all the possible solutions or choices (compensatory) |
| Availability Heuristics | judged by what information is available in our memories. |
| Representativeness Heuristics | How well things/people represent particular prototypes (schemata) |
| Insight | sudden understanding |
| Incubation | arrive at a solution when we stand back and not work on problem. (Kohler's experiments; chimps and insight.) |
| Mental Set | a fixed frame of mind when approaching problems (analogy) |
| Rigidty | hinders problems solving |
| Flexibility | overcome rigidty |
| Functional Fixedness | tendency to assume that a given item is useful only for a particular purpose. |
| Confirmation Bias/ Belief Perserverance | search for info. that supports a particular point of view hinders problem solving; prevents objectivity |
| Framing | the way a question is phrased, or an item is presented; can alter the objective outcome. |
| Language | arrangement of sounds to communicate ideas |
| key features | arbitrary; additive structure; multiplicity of structure; productive; dynamic |
| Phonemes | smallest units of speech sounds |
| Morphemes | smallest semantically meaningful parts of language (comb. phonemes) |
| Syntax | rules for arranging morphemes into meaningful sentences. |
| Semantics (Grammar) | assign meaning (content of language) |
| Prosody | tone and inflection added to language |
| Receptive | ability to understand what is said to and about them (4 months) |
| Productive | ability to produce words (10 MTS) |
| Babbling | phonemes unrelated to home language |
| Holophrases | single words filled with meaning; applied by infants to broad categories of things |
| Overextension | applying individual words to larger categories (CAT) |
| Linguistic Determination | patterns of thinking are determined by the language one speaks theory of the linguistic relatively see the world through the cultural lens of language. |
Created by:
annsonic
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