Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psy 359
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Components of Groups? | 1) Contain at least two people 2) Must be in interacting 3) Interdependence must be in play |
| Why do we join groups? | 1) Pursue common goals & fulfill needs. 2) Important source of information 3) Helps define identity -Distinct from other groups. 4) Establishment of social norms -Groups vs. Societal norms can come in conflict. |
| Social Roles | Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave in that group -Can lose individual identity and personality |
| The Stanford Prison Experiment | Randomly assigned male characters volunteers to play roles as guards or prisoners. |
| Stanford Prison Experiment | Students assumed their roles Ended after six days "Bad barrels, not apples."-Zimbardo |
| Group Cohesiveness | Qualities that define & promote liking |
| Potential Benefits & drawbacks of GC | Helps performance when task requires close cooperation Can interfere with optimal performance |
| Group diversity: Benefits | Homogeneous groups more cohesive |
| Group Diversity: Drawbacks | Friction is worth it, often diminished with time |
| Performance in groups | better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in front of others & their individual performance can be evaluated **Simple tasks performance is improved when watched** |
| Mere Presence Effects | Arousal experienced physically in response to stimuli |
| Cockroaches experiment | Cockroaches took less time when being watched on the simpler Took more time on harder tunnels |
| Yerkes-Dodson curves (optimum arousal in easy vs. hard tasks) | Mild arousal usually does better |
| caveat | extreme arousal can cause breakdown or burnout! |
| Why presence of others boost arousal in humans | 1) other people cause us to become particularly alert & vigilant 2) Other people make us apprehensive about how we're being evaluated 3) other people distract us from task at hand |
| social loafing | people who do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks in presence of others & don't get evaluated |
| deindividuation | loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people cannot be differentiated, leading to an increase in deviant and/or impulsive acts |
| process loss | any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving |
| reducing process loss | increasing sharing of unique info |
| transactive memory | combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual |
| groupthink | a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness & solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner |
| avoiding groupthink | 1) Remain Impartial 2) Seek Outside Opinions 3) Create Subgroups 4) Seek anonymous |
| Group Polarization | The tendency for groups to make the decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members |
| Why does group polarization occur? | Joining a group is likely to lead an individual's attitudes to become more extreme through process of group polarization. |
| Great Person Theory | the idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation. |
| Evidence for or against the great person theory | personality & leadership abilities weakly related |
| transactional leadership | short term goals reward people when met |
| transformational leadership | long term goals common and inspired |
| double bind-warm and communal | perceived as having low leadership potential |
| double bind-agultic and forceful | often perceived negatively for not acting like a lady should |
| glass cliff | women are thought to be better at managing crises (especially interpersonal ones) |
| cultural differences | autonomous leaderships valued more in Eastern European than Latin America. |
| Cultural similarities | charisma team-orientation |
| why conflict occurs | often people have incompatible goals |
| social dileema | a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual, if chosen by most people, will have harmful effects on everyone |
| tragedy of the commons | Hardin (1968), science When shared, unregulated resources most rational individually to take as much as possible, pollute, etc. Depletes or destroys the resource, destroying common good Regulation and/or private ownership can help |
| Prisoners' dileema | Two people must choose one of two options without knowing what the other person will choose |
| Negotiations | Form of communications between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers & counter offers are made & a solution occurs only when both parties agree. |
| integrative solution ("win-win solution") | Solution to conflict whereby parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests |
| mediator's role | To be a neutral party; Impacting construals |
| Social proof | Look to others to determine what's correct |
| When is social proof especially powerful? | When proof in form of many others doing it |
| similar | likely to provide info on what to do when other's situation are similar |
| uncertainty | looks at others behaviors & consider them correct when we are uncertain |
| how to save self in emergencies (devictimizing yourself) | 1) Isolate one individual from crowd 2) Stare, speak and point directly to that person and no one else 3) Ask for precise type of help |
| Battling exploiters | recognize when data might be false & aggressively counterattack |
| to whom are we attracted? | people in proximity |
| propinquity effect | finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends |
| Festinger apartment experiment | experiment to show whether or not residents would befriend the people next to them, or down the hall and below/above them. |
| functional distance | refers to aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come into contact with each other |
| mere presence exposure | the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more we tend to like it |
| similarity | birds of a feather, flock together Supported by research |
| complementary | opposites attract |
| expectations on similarity | complimentary on dominance and submissiveness hook ups |
| gay and lesbian relationships rely on | similarity |
| You put yourself in situations that | expose you to others with similar interests |
| When seeking friends based on appearance, we...(2 answers) | 1) Seek others who look like us 2) Seek others with similar degree of physical attractiveness |
| Reciprocal liking is... | We like people who like us |
| Regards to initial attraction, reciprocal liking can over come...(2 answers) | Dissimilarity Attentional biases to attractive faces |
| Physical attractiveness... | Plays an important role in liking |
| Gender Differences? (Attitudes,2 answers) | Men are more likely to report attraction is important Women are not. |
| Gender differences? (behaviors, 1 answer) | Greater similarity |
| Male and female attractiveness | females must be skinny and small with a big smile and eyes males must be masculine and broad with the "v-line" |
| familiarity and attractiveness | people prefer faces that most resemble their own |
| the halo effect | bias in which someone with one positive characteristic also assumed to possess other (even unrelated) positive characteristics |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | the beautiful receive a great deal of social attention helps them develop good social skills |
| Snyder phone study | men were attracted to woman on phone with attractive voice |
| does attractiveness actually affect women more than men? | No. Both are essentially the same. |
| is attractiveness ever detrimental? When? | Yes. Attractiveness people never know genuine praise and get labeled as not having good skill sets or smart. |
| Evolutionary Psychology | the attempt to help explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection |
| mate preferences (male vs. female) | men are attracted to women's appearance women are attracted to men's resources |
| Eagly's alternative views | women are usually less powerful and less wealthy |
| what are technology's effects on attractions & social connections? (3 answers) | 1)Propinquity: Not many degrees of separation 2) Similarity: People seek others with similar popularity 3) Familiarity: Liking decreased after meeting |
| Benefits of online dating (3 answers) | 1) lots of potential partners 2) easy communication 3) analysis of compatibility to make matches |
| drawbacks of online dating (2 answers) | 1) 81% provide inaccurate information 2) Deceptive, misleading photos |
| two different types of love? | Companionate love: Care for them. No arousal present. Friends in a sense. Passionate love: longing, with physiological arousal for person. Crushes and dating. |
| Cross-Culturally love is different how? (3 answers) | 1) Think about 2) Define 3) Experience |
| attachment styles: secure | trust and worthy |
| attachment styles: anxious/ ambivalent | common that intimacy will not be reciprocated |
| attachment styles: avoidant | suppression of attachment needs, intimacy is futile |
| attachment theory | attachment style learned in infancy becomes schema for all relationships |
| malleability of styles: secure | develop mature, lasting relationships |
| malleability of styles: avoidant | less trust and more difficult to form intimate relationships with others |
| malleability of styles: anxious/ ambivalent | want closeness but afraid of rejection |
| Social exchange theory | people's feelings about a relationship depend on perceptions of rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else |
| investment model of commitment | people's commitment to a relationships depends on not only on their satisfaction but investment as well |
| investment | what would be lost by leaving it |
| investment study model of commitment: What equals satisfaction with relationships (3 answers) | 1) rewards 2) costs 3) comparison level |
| equity theory | equitable relationships are the happiest and most stable rewards and costs are roughly the same |
| exchange vs communal relationships aspect | exchange: relationships governed by the need for equity communal: relationships in which primary concern is being responsive to other person's needs |
| Gottman's four horsemen | Contempt: mockery criticism: attacking other person's character defending: defending oneself through excuses stonewalling: silent treatment |
| Rusbult's 4 categories of behavior: destructive | Actively: Actively harming the relationship Passive: passively allowing relationship to deteriorate |
| Rusbult's 4 categories of behavior: constructive | actively: actively trying to improve the relationships passively: passively remaining loyal to the relationship |
| Duck's four stages of breaking up | intrapersonal: think about dissatisfaction dyadic: discuss breakup with partner social: breakup announced to others intrapersonal: recover by think about why and how it happened |
| Qualities that attracted most in a relationship at first... | Become the ones that are most hated during break ups |
| Levels of responsibility: Breakers | High Level; Least upsetting, painful and stressful |
| Levels of responsibility: Breakees | Low level: Miserable, lonely, depressed, angry |
| Levels of responsibility: mutuals | Same level: not as upset as breakees, more stressed than breakers |
| How does liking influence persuasion? | People are more likely to say yes to those they like and trust |
| Five factors in liking and persuasion: physical attractiveness | Perceived as honest and kind |
| Five factors in liking and persuasion: similarity | pmatching one in anything will increase liking |
| Five factors in liking and persuasion: compliments | Even if we know are untrue, we are still susceptible |
| Five factors in liking and persuasion: contact and cooperation | familiarity increases liking |
| Five factors in liking and persuasion: associative processes | dislikes being bearer of bad news |
| Does contact always increase liking? | no |
| Defending against liking | focus on effects, not causes, of liking |
| prosocial behavior | any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person |
| altrusim | the desire to help another person even if involves a cost to the helper and no benefit to oneself |
| the reciprocity norm | the expectation that helping others with increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future |
| kin selection | the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection |
| group selection | people who have traits that make them more likely to survive are more likely to reproduce and pass on those traits OR selfless behavior to benefit the group |
| social exchange theory:rewards of helping: norm of reciprocity | increase likelihood of future help |
| social exchange theory: rewards of helping: investment in future | someone will help us when we need it |
| social exchange theory: rewards of helping: gain rewards | social approval self worth |
| social exchange theory: costs of helping | physical danger pain embarrassment time |
| empathy | attempting to experience event or emotions the way that person experiences them |
| empathy-altruism hypothesis | when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain |
| social exchange theory argues that... | true altruism does not exist -People help when the benefits outweigh the cost |
| altruistic personality | the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations |
| other factors vs altruistic personality | 1)situational pressures 2)gender 3)culture 4)current mood |
| gender differences in prosocial behavior | males are more likely to perform short term heroic acts females are more likely to perform long term easier tasks |
| in-group | the group with which an individual identifies as a member |
| out-group | any group with which an individual does not identity |
| simpatia | friendly, polite, good-natured, pleasant, helpful toward others |
| religious people... | more likely to help others who share their beliefs, aren't much different than nonreligious people when it comes to help strangers |
| why neutral people are less likely to help than people who are happy or angry | happy people want others to be happy angry people feel guilty and/or do good to make themselves feel better |
| bystander effect | the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help the victim |
| helper effect (fisher, 2011) | suggest if one person actively helps, everyone else is more likely to help |
| the seizure study | note the power of descriptive norm, prestige and in-group statues |
| bystander intervention decision tree | 1)notice event 2)interpret as emergency 3)assume responsibility 4)know how to assist 5) actually implant decision |
| Missing a step in BIDT: | No intervention |
| how to increase likelihood that bystanders will intervene | 1)general awareness of the barriers to helping in an emergency 2) reminding selves that it is important to overcome inhibitions and do the right thing |
| mandatory volunteerism | need to encourage volunteering while preserving the sense that the behavior was freely chosen |
| over-justification effect | strong external reasons can undermine intrinsic interest |
| how rule of reciprocity works | we should try to repay in kind what another person has given to us obligates future repayment of favors, gifts, invites, etc |
| homo reciprocus | universal in every society |
| uninvited debts | the rule was created so a person could initiate a reciprocal relationship without fear of loss so the uninvited favor must have the ability to create an obligation |
| long term reciprocity | favor that doesn't have to be payed back family or long term friends |
| short term reciprocity | feel the need to pay them back |
| door in the face technique | starting with bigger request then asking a smaller request when denied bigger request victim usually feels guilt |
| prejudice | a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group |
| bases for prejudice | race. religion, gender, sexual orientation, culture, etc |
| ABC components of prejudice | A: Affective-Emotions B: Behavioral- discrimination C: Cognitive- stereotypes |
| When stereotyping is adaptive | when accurately identifies the good of a group |
| when stereotyping is maladaptive | blinds us to individual differences |
| list history theory of social perception/stereotyping (steve neuberg) | People posses stereotyping about others along these dimensions: Age, Sex, Home Ecology (race) |
| Positive Stereotyping | diminishes individuality |
| gender stereotyping | traditional stereotypes: women are more socially sensitive, friendlier and more concerned with the welfare of others men: are more dominant, controlling and independent |
| hostile vs. benevolent sexism | hostile: women are inferior to men benevolent: positive views of women |
| why is prejudice so hard to combat through logical arguments? | they're emotional based |
| discrimination | harmful action toward member of groups because they're in the group |
| when discrimination more likely to occur | stressed out, angry, assimilated, not in control of conscious attentions |
| traditional measures | simply ask people in more or less direct about their attitudes toward certain groups |
| bogus pipeline | fake polygraph used to get participants to truthfully respond to emotionally questions about prejudices |
| IAT | (implicit associate test); measures speed of positive and negative reactions of target groups |
| self-fulfilling prophecies | unconsciously behaving a certain way until they were trained to react differently |
| stereotype threat and how to reduce it | self affirmation and mindsets. Telling yourself you're a good person and that you can get better. |
| normative conformity | strong tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the groups' expectation and gain acceptance |
| social identity | part of our identity that stems from our membership in groups |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that your own culture, nation or religion is superior is to all others |
| main underlying motive for in group bias is... | self-esteem |
| minimal groups paradigm | strangers are formed into groups using the most trivial criteria (over-achievers, under-achievers) |
| Crandall and Eshleman's 2003 model Justifying Entitlement and Superiority | struggle between the urge to express prejudice and the need to maintain positive self-concept |
| scapegoating | placing the blame on someone else |
| realistic conflict theory | limited resources leads to conflict among groups which leads to prejudice and discrimination |
| six conditions for contact to reduce prejudice | mutual interdependence common goal equal status friendly and formal setting knowing multiple out group members (people not in your group) Social norms of equality |
| interdependence | the need to depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each group |
| Jigsaw Classrom | study where learning groups of mixed races learned to rely on each other to get information to pass an exam |
Created by:
rgb528
Popular Psychology sets