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Psy 359

QuestionAnswer
Components of Groups? 1) Contain at least two people 2) Must be in interacting 3) Interdependence must be in play
Why do we join groups? 1) Pursue common goals & fulfill needs. 2) Important source of information 3) Helps define identity -Distinct from other groups. 4) Establishment of social norms -Groups vs. Societal norms can come in conflict.
Social Roles Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave in that group -Can lose individual identity and personality
The Stanford Prison Experiment Randomly assigned male characters volunteers to play roles as guards or prisoners.
Stanford Prison Experiment Students assumed their roles Ended after six days "Bad barrels, not apples."-Zimbardo
Group Cohesiveness Qualities that define & promote liking
Potential Benefits & drawbacks of GC Helps performance when task requires close cooperation Can interfere with optimal performance
Group diversity: Benefits Homogeneous groups more cohesive
Group Diversity: Drawbacks Friction is worth it, often diminished with time
Performance in groups better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in front of others & their individual performance can be evaluated **Simple tasks performance is improved when watched**
Mere Presence Effects Arousal experienced physically in response to stimuli
Cockroaches experiment Cockroaches took less time when being watched on the simpler Took more time on harder tunnels
Yerkes-Dodson curves (optimum arousal in easy vs. hard tasks) Mild arousal usually does better
caveat extreme arousal can cause breakdown or burnout!
Why presence of others boost arousal in humans 1) other people cause us to become particularly alert & vigilant 2) Other people make us apprehensive about how we're being evaluated 3) other people distract us from task at hand
social loafing people who do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks in presence of others & don't get evaluated
deindividuation loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people cannot be differentiated, leading to an increase in deviant and/or impulsive acts
process loss any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
reducing process loss increasing sharing of unique info
transactive memory combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual
groupthink a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness & solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
avoiding groupthink 1) Remain Impartial 2) Seek Outside Opinions 3) Create Subgroups 4) Seek anonymous
Group Polarization The tendency for groups to make the decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members
Why does group polarization occur? Joining a group is likely to lead an individual's attitudes to become more extreme through process of group polarization.
Great Person Theory the idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation.
Evidence for or against the great person theory personality & leadership abilities weakly related
transactional leadership short term goals reward people when met
transformational leadership long term goals common and inspired
double bind-warm and communal perceived as having low leadership potential
double bind-agultic and forceful often perceived negatively for not acting like a lady should
glass cliff women are thought to be better at managing crises (especially interpersonal ones)
cultural differences autonomous leaderships valued more in Eastern European than Latin America.
Cultural similarities charisma team-orientation
why conflict occurs often people have incompatible goals
social dileema a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual, if chosen by most people, will have harmful effects on everyone
tragedy of the commons Hardin (1968), science When shared, unregulated resources most rational individually to take as much as possible, pollute, etc. Depletes or destroys the resource, destroying common good Regulation and/or private ownership can help
Prisoners' dileema Two people must choose one of two options without knowing what the other person will choose
Negotiations Form of communications between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers & counter offers are made & a solution occurs only when both parties agree.
integrative solution ("win-win solution") Solution to conflict whereby parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests
mediator's role To be a neutral party; Impacting construals
Social proof Look to others to determine what's correct
When is social proof especially powerful? When proof in form of many others doing it
similar likely to provide info on what to do when other's situation are similar
uncertainty looks at others behaviors & consider them correct when we are uncertain
how to save self in emergencies (devictimizing yourself) 1) Isolate one individual from crowd 2) Stare, speak and point directly to that person and no one else 3) Ask for precise type of help
Battling exploiters recognize when data might be false & aggressively counterattack
to whom are we attracted? people in proximity
propinquity effect finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
Festinger apartment experiment experiment to show whether or not residents would befriend the people next to them, or down the hall and below/above them.
functional distance refers to aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come into contact with each other
mere presence exposure the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more we tend to like it
similarity birds of a feather, flock together Supported by research
complementary opposites attract
expectations on similarity complimentary on dominance and submissiveness hook ups
gay and lesbian relationships rely on similarity
You put yourself in situations that expose you to others with similar interests
When seeking friends based on appearance, we...(2 answers) 1) Seek others who look like us 2) Seek others with similar degree of physical attractiveness
Reciprocal liking is... We like people who like us
Regards to initial attraction, reciprocal liking can over come...(2 answers) Dissimilarity Attentional biases to attractive faces
Physical attractiveness... Plays an important role in liking
Gender Differences? (Attitudes,2 answers) Men are more likely to report attraction is important Women are not.
Gender differences? (behaviors, 1 answer) Greater similarity
Male and female attractiveness females must be skinny and small with a big smile and eyes males must be masculine and broad with the "v-line"
familiarity and attractiveness people prefer faces that most resemble their own
the halo effect bias in which someone with one positive characteristic also assumed to possess other (even unrelated) positive characteristics
self-fulfilling prophecy the beautiful receive a great deal of social attention helps them develop good social skills
Snyder phone study men were attracted to woman on phone with attractive voice
does attractiveness actually affect women more than men? No. Both are essentially the same.
is attractiveness ever detrimental? When? Yes. Attractiveness people never know genuine praise and get labeled as not having good skill sets or smart.
Evolutionary Psychology the attempt to help explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection
mate preferences (male vs. female) men are attracted to women's appearance women are attracted to men's resources
Eagly's alternative views women are usually less powerful and less wealthy
what are technology's effects on attractions & social connections? (3 answers) 1)Propinquity: Not many degrees of separation 2) Similarity: People seek others with similar popularity 3) Familiarity: Liking decreased after meeting
Benefits of online dating (3 answers) 1) lots of potential partners 2) easy communication 3) analysis of compatibility to make matches
drawbacks of online dating (2 answers) 1) 81% provide inaccurate information 2) Deceptive, misleading photos
two different types of love? Companionate love: Care for them. No arousal present. Friends in a sense. Passionate love: longing, with physiological arousal for person. Crushes and dating.
Cross-Culturally love is different how? (3 answers) 1) Think about 2) Define 3) Experience
attachment styles: secure trust and worthy
attachment styles: anxious/ ambivalent common that intimacy will not be reciprocated
attachment styles: avoidant suppression of attachment needs, intimacy is futile
attachment theory attachment style learned in infancy becomes schema for all relationships
malleability of styles: secure develop mature, lasting relationships
malleability of styles: avoidant less trust and more difficult to form intimate relationships with others
malleability of styles: anxious/ ambivalent want closeness but afraid of rejection
Social exchange theory people's feelings about a relationship depend on perceptions of rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
investment model of commitment people's commitment to a relationships depends on not only on their satisfaction but investment as well
investment what would be lost by leaving it
investment study model of commitment: What equals satisfaction with relationships (3 answers) 1) rewards 2) costs 3) comparison level
equity theory equitable relationships are the happiest and most stable rewards and costs are roughly the same
exchange vs communal relationships aspect exchange: relationships governed by the need for equity communal: relationships in which primary concern is being responsive to other person's needs
Gottman's four horsemen Contempt: mockery criticism: attacking other person's character defending: defending oneself through excuses stonewalling: silent treatment
Rusbult's 4 categories of behavior: destructive Actively: Actively harming the relationship Passive: passively allowing relationship to deteriorate
Rusbult's 4 categories of behavior: constructive actively: actively trying to improve the relationships passively: passively remaining loyal to the relationship
Duck's four stages of breaking up intrapersonal: think about dissatisfaction dyadic: discuss breakup with partner social: breakup announced to others intrapersonal: recover by think about why and how it happened
Qualities that attracted most in a relationship at first... Become the ones that are most hated during break ups
Levels of responsibility: Breakers High Level; Least upsetting, painful and stressful
Levels of responsibility: Breakees Low level: Miserable, lonely, depressed, angry
Levels of responsibility: mutuals Same level: not as upset as breakees, more stressed than breakers
How does liking influence persuasion? People are more likely to say yes to those they like and trust
Five factors in liking and persuasion: physical attractiveness Perceived as honest and kind
Five factors in liking and persuasion: similarity pmatching one in anything will increase liking
Five factors in liking and persuasion: compliments Even if we know are untrue, we are still susceptible
Five factors in liking and persuasion: contact and cooperation familiarity increases liking
Five factors in liking and persuasion: associative processes dislikes being bearer of bad news
Does contact always increase liking? no
Defending against liking focus on effects, not causes, of liking
prosocial behavior any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person
altrusim the desire to help another person even if involves a cost to the helper and no benefit to oneself
the reciprocity norm the expectation that helping others with increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
kin selection the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
group selection people who have traits that make them more likely to survive are more likely to reproduce and pass on those traits OR selfless behavior to benefit the group
social exchange theory:rewards of helping: norm of reciprocity increase likelihood of future help
social exchange theory: rewards of helping: investment in future someone will help us when we need it
social exchange theory: rewards of helping: gain rewards social approval self worth
social exchange theory: costs of helping physical danger pain embarrassment time
empathy attempting to experience event or emotions the way that person experiences them
empathy-altruism hypothesis when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
social exchange theory argues that... true altruism does not exist -People help when the benefits outweigh the cost
altruistic personality the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations
other factors vs altruistic personality 1)situational pressures 2)gender 3)culture 4)current mood
gender differences in prosocial behavior males are more likely to perform short term heroic acts females are more likely to perform long term easier tasks
in-group the group with which an individual identifies as a member
out-group any group with which an individual does not identity
simpatia friendly, polite, good-natured, pleasant, helpful toward others
religious people... more likely to help others who share their beliefs, aren't much different than nonreligious people when it comes to help strangers
why neutral people are less likely to help than people who are happy or angry happy people want others to be happy angry people feel guilty and/or do good to make themselves feel better
bystander effect the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help the victim
helper effect (fisher, 2011) suggest if one person actively helps, everyone else is more likely to help
the seizure study note the power of descriptive norm, prestige and in-group statues
bystander intervention decision tree 1)notice event 2)interpret as emergency 3)assume responsibility 4)know how to assist 5) actually implant decision
Missing a step in BIDT: No intervention
how to increase likelihood that bystanders will intervene 1)general awareness of the barriers to helping in an emergency 2) reminding selves that it is important to overcome inhibitions and do the right thing
mandatory volunteerism need to encourage volunteering while preserving the sense that the behavior was freely chosen
over-justification effect strong external reasons can undermine intrinsic interest
how rule of reciprocity works we should try to repay in kind what another person has given to us obligates future repayment of favors, gifts, invites, etc
homo reciprocus universal in every society
uninvited debts the rule was created so a person could initiate a reciprocal relationship without fear of loss so the uninvited favor must have the ability to create an obligation
long term reciprocity favor that doesn't have to be payed back family or long term friends
short term reciprocity feel the need to pay them back
door in the face technique starting with bigger request then asking a smaller request when denied bigger request victim usually feels guilt
prejudice a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group
bases for prejudice race. religion, gender, sexual orientation, culture, etc
ABC components of prejudice A: Affective-Emotions B: Behavioral- discrimination C: Cognitive- stereotypes
When stereotyping is adaptive when accurately identifies the good of a group
when stereotyping is maladaptive blinds us to individual differences
list history theory of social perception/stereotyping (steve neuberg) People posses stereotyping about others along these dimensions: Age, Sex, Home Ecology (race)
Positive Stereotyping diminishes individuality
gender stereotyping traditional stereotypes: women are more socially sensitive, friendlier and more concerned with the welfare of others men: are more dominant, controlling and independent
hostile vs. benevolent sexism hostile: women are inferior to men benevolent: positive views of women
why is prejudice so hard to combat through logical arguments? they're emotional based
discrimination harmful action toward member of groups because they're in the group
when discrimination more likely to occur stressed out, angry, assimilated, not in control of conscious attentions
traditional measures simply ask people in more or less direct about their attitudes toward certain groups
bogus pipeline fake polygraph used to get participants to truthfully respond to emotionally questions about prejudices
IAT (implicit associate test); measures speed of positive and negative reactions of target groups
self-fulfilling prophecies unconsciously behaving a certain way until they were trained to react differently
stereotype threat and how to reduce it self affirmation and mindsets. Telling yourself you're a good person and that you can get better.
normative conformity strong tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the groups' expectation and gain acceptance
social identity part of our identity that stems from our membership in groups
ethnocentrism the belief that your own culture, nation or religion is superior is to all others
main underlying motive for in group bias is... self-esteem
minimal groups paradigm strangers are formed into groups using the most trivial criteria (over-achievers, under-achievers)
Crandall and Eshleman's 2003 model Justifying Entitlement and Superiority struggle between the urge to express prejudice and the need to maintain positive self-concept
scapegoating placing the blame on someone else
realistic conflict theory limited resources leads to conflict among groups which leads to prejudice and discrimination
six conditions for contact to reduce prejudice mutual interdependence common goal equal status friendly and formal setting knowing multiple out group members (people not in your group) Social norms of equality
interdependence the need to depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each group
Jigsaw Classrom study where learning groups of mixed races learned to rely on each other to get information to pass an exam
Created by: rgb528
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