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5,12, &13
review for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In keeping with the ALARA concept, most health care facilities issue personnel dosimetry devices when personnel might receive about _______ of the annual occupational EfD limit in any 1 month, or approximately 0.5 mSv (50 mrem). | 10% |
| Wearing a personnel dosimeter in a consistent location is the responsibility of the: | Individual wearing the device |
| Personnel dosimeters protect the wearer from exposure to ionizing radiation T or F | False |
| A personnel dosimeter must be able to detect and record both small and large exposures in a consistent and reliable manner. T or F | True |
| Dosimeters are an indication of an individual’s working habits, and an indication of working conditions in the facility T or F | True |
| The metal filters contained in a film badge are generally composed of what materials? | aluminum and copper |
| Which device contains an aluminum oxide detector? | OSL |
| The _____ sensitivity of the OSL dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers. | increased |
| Which personnel dosimeters resembles an ordinary fountain pen externally? | Pocket ionization chamber |
| What instrument is called a cutie pie? | Ionization chamber–type survey meter |
| Disadvantages of using pocket ionization chambers include mechanical shock, no legal record, must be read everyday or there will be a false high. T or F | True |
| Which component(s) of the Geiger-Müller detector alert(s) the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation? | An audio amplifier and speaker |
| Field survey instruments are all equally sensitive in the detection of ionizing radiation. T or F | False |
| A GM tube with no quantitative readout device is a simple detection system of a radiation survey instrument that indicates only the presence or absence of radiation. T or F | True |
| What is the maximum period of time that a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) may be worn as a personnel dosimeter? | 3 months |
| What do film badges, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters, pocket ionization chambers, and TLDs have in common? | These devices are all used for personnel monitoring |
| What instrument generally has a “check source” of a weak, long-lived radioisotope located on one side of its external surface to verify its constancy daily? | Geiger-Müller detector |
| When the sensing crystals contained in the TLD are exposed to ionizing radiation, what occurs? | Some of the electrons in the crystalline lattice structure of the LiF molecule absorb energy are excited to a higher energy level or band |
| Ionization assist physicist with these tests: X-ray output in mR/mAs Reproducibility and linearity of output Timer accuracy T or F | True |
| Filters found in ODL dosimeters are: Aluminum, copper, and tin. T or F | True |
| An electrometer is a device that measures: | Amperage |
| The pocket ionization chamber is used to provide immediate exposure readout for a radiation worker working in a cardiac catheterization laboratory. T or F | True |
| A disadvantage of the OSL dosimeter is that the exposure cannot be determined on the day of occurrence T or F | True |
| Whenever the letter M appears under the current monitoring period of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that an equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time. T or F | True |
| The OSL dosimeter is “read out” by using: | Laser light at selected frequencies |
| The advantages of the OSL dosimeter are that is can be used for up to 1 year, it is lightweight, durable, easy to carry, and in a self-contained, preloaded packet. T or F | True |
| The image densities cast by the filters in a film badge permit what? | Estimation of the energy of the radiation reaching the badge |
| What dosimeters allows a radiation worker to determine occupational exposure received as soon as a specific radiologic procedure is completed? | Pocket dosimeter |
| Dosimetry badge readings that exceed a trigger level set by the health care facility are investigated to ascertain the cause of the reading. T or F | True |
| The TLD readout process destroys the information stored in the TLD. T or F | True |
| Monitoring companies send a control badge to health care facilities along with each batch of dosimeter badges. The control badge should be kept where? | radiation-free area in imaging area |
| When negatively and positively charged electrodes in the pocket ionization chamber are exposed to ionizing radiation, the mechanism does what happens? | It discharges in direct proportion to the amount of radiation to which it has been exposed |
| Holistic patient care must begin with effective communication between the radiographer and the radiologist. T or F | False |
| What types of gonadal shielding provide the best protection for a male patient when anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral projections are obtained? | Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead |
| Specific-area shielding may be selectively used during some x-ray procedures to protect which of the following? 1. Lens of the eye 2. Breast 3. Extremities | 1 and 2 only |
| What must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs? | Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest |
| In a remote-control fluoroscopic room where the x-ray tube is located above the patient, protective shielding should be placed where? | over the patient |
| Female reproductive organs receive about ____________ exposure during a given radiographic procedure involving the pelvic region than do the male reproductive organs. | 3x's more |
| What combination of technical exposure factors and filtration reduces patient radiation dose during a radiographic examination? | higher kvp, lower mAs, increased filtration |
| When automatic exposure control (AEC) is not used, then to ensure uniform selection of technical x-ray exposure factors, efficient imaging departments should have standardized technique charts for each x-ray unit T or F | True |
| Poorly processed images on radiographic film will deteriorate over time. T or F | True |
| When technical exposure factors are to be selected, mass per unit volume of tissue of the area ofl interest, effective atomic numbers and electron densities of the tissue involved, and type and quantity of filtration used should be considered. T or F | True |
| The genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is about _____ mSv (_____ mrem). | 0.2; 20 |
| In fluoroscopy, the amount of radiation that a patient receives is usually estimated by measuring the radiation exposure rate at the tabletop and multiplying this by the: | flouro time |
| The patient’s skin and possibly the gonads receive a double radiation dose anytime a repeat image is performed. T or F | True |
| Thermoluminescent dosimeters are the sensing devices most often used to measure skin dose directly. T or F | True |
| According to American College of Radiology abdominal radiologic exams that have been requested after full consideration of the clinical status of a patient, including the possibility of pregnancy, need not be postponed or selectively scheduled. T or F | True |
| In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated, the _____ should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. | physicist |
| Studies of groups such as the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima have shown that damage to the newborn is unlikely for doses below _____ rads. | 20 |
| Because most medical procedures result in fetal exposures less than 1 rad, the risk of abnormality is small. T or F | True |
| Pediatric patients require special consideration and appropriate radiation protection procedures because they are more vulnerable to both the late somatic effects and genetic effects of radiation. T or F | True |
| If a child is placed in a CT scanner and adult protocols are used, the child will receive a dose that is _______ than an adult | higher |
| The radiation dose absorbed by an organ such as bone marrow cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated..T or F | True |
| Because no light localizing field exists and the field of view is usually moving during a fluoroscopic study, a shadow shield is not suitable for use T or F | True |
| An optimal x-table lateral projection of the c- spine was obtained using appropriate technical exposure factors and an 8:1 grid. If another x-ray is obtained using an air gap technique and exposure factors are comparable, the dose is amount is..? | about the same |
| The product of x-ray electron tube current and the amount of time in seconds during which the x-ray beam is activated results in mAs. T or F | True |
| With CR or DR, it is necessary to develop a policy whereby retaken image files can be recovered for analysis as part of a repeat analysis program. T or F | True |
| Mobile C-arm fluoroscopy, interventional procedures that use high-level-control fluoroscopy, and mobile radiographic examinations increase the radiographer’s risk of exposure to ionizing radiation. T or F | True |
| Diagnostic imaging personnel receive the highest occupational exposure during which of the following procedures? 1. Fluoroscopy 2. Mobile radiography 3. Special procedures | 1,2, and 3 |
| Secondary radiation includes _____ radiation. 1. leakage 2. primary 3. scattered | 1 and 3 |
| Which of the following are radiation sources that can be generated in a diagnostic x-ray room? 1. Primary radiation 2. Scattered radiation 3. Leakage radiation | 1,2, and 3 |
| If a radiographer moves closer to a source of radiation, the radiation exposure to the radiographer_______? | increases significantly |
| Diagnostic x-ray installations must be equipped with radiation-absorbent barriers. T or F | True |
| Diagnostic imaging personnel may receive an annual occupational effective dose of _________ for whole-body exposure during routine operations | 50 mSv (5 rem) |
| Units of either mAs/wk or mA-min/wk are used to determine the __________ for a specific x-ray room. | workload |
| Floors of radiation rooms, doors, walls, and ceilings or radiation rooms exposed routinely to the primary beam are given a use factor of 1. T or F | True |
| The beam direction factor is also known as the use factor. T or F | True |
| Which of the following radiation sources is the control booth barrier not intended to intercept in a diagnostic x-ray room? 1. Leakage radiation 2. Primary radiation 3. Scattered radiation | 2 only |
| A facility that employs a pregnant imaging staff member should provide that individual with an additional dosimeter to be worn at waist level. This monitor is to ensure that the monthly EqD to the embryo/fetus doesn't exceed: | 0.5 mSv (0.05 rem) |
| Of the devices listed below, which eliminates nonuseful low-energy photons from the primary beam? 1. Collimator light source 2. Electronic sensors 3. Aluminum filtration | 3 only |
| Which of the following methods and devices reduce(s) the radiographer’s exposure during a fluoroscopic examination? 1. Adequate x-ray beam collimation 2. Control of technical exposure factors 3. Use of a remote control fluoroscopic system | 1,2, and 3 |
| During C-arm fluoroscopy, the exposure rate caused by scatter near the entrance surface of the patient (x-ray tube side) _____________ the exposure rate caused by scatter near the exit surface of the patient (image intensifier side). | exceeds |
| If the peak energy of the diagnostic x-ray beam is 130 kVp, the primary protective barrier generally should consist of at least ________ and extend _______ upward from the floor of the x-ray room when the tube is 5 to 7 feet from the wall in question. | 1/16-inch lead, 7 feet |
| Protective shielding for an uncontrolled area (hall or corridor frequented by the general public) must ensure that the maximal EqD for that area is no greater than ___________ per week. | 20 microsieverts (2 mrem) |
| Distance is the most effective means of protection from ionizing radiation. Imaging personnel receive significantly less exposure by standing farther away from a source of radiation because there is a significant decrease in the radiation level. T or F | True |
| If the intensity of the x-ray is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity of the x-ray beam change when the distance from the source of radiation and a measurement point is quadrupled? | It decreases by a factor of 16 at the new distance |
| Exposure from radiation-related jobs will not alter the genetically significant dose because the workforce in radiation-related jobs is small when compared with the population as a whole. T or F | True |
| The annual effective dose limit for the general population not occupationally exposed is 1 mSv (0.1 rem) and natural background and 5 mSv (0.5 rem) for infrequent annual exposure. T or F | True |
| The lifetime effective dose in mSv should not exceed 10 times the occupationally exposed person’s age in years. T or F | True |
| Increased kVp and decreased mAs in compensation increases the average energy of the beam. Therefore less side-scattered radiation is available to strike imaging personnel, and their EqD is reduced. T or F | True |
| During any diagnostic x-ray examination, the patient becomes a source of scattered radiation as a consequence of the Compton interaction process. Scattered radiation poses the greatest occupational hazard in diagnostic radiology. T or F | True |
| Leakage radiation and scattered radiation are forms of_____ radiation | Secondary |
| Protective lead aprons and shielded barriers function as __________ shields for diagnostic imaging personnel | gonadal |
| Pregnant diagnostic imaging department staff members must immediately stop performing their respective duties and discontinue employment as a consequence of pregnancy. T or F | False |
| Maternity protective aprons consist of 5 mm lead equivalent over their entire length and width and also have an extra 1-mm lead-equivalent panel that runs transversely across the width of the apron to provide added safety for the embryo/fetus. T or F | False- its 0.5mm thick |
| Diagnostic x-rays should scatter a minimum of two times before reaching any area behind the control booth barrier. T or F | True |
| If the peak energy of the x-ray beam is 100 kVp, a protective lead apron must be the equivalent of what measuresurement? | 0.25-mm thickness of lead |
| Protective eyeglasses with optically clear lenses should contain a minimal lead equivalent protection of _____ mm. | 0.35 mm |
| A radiographer should always wear a thyroid shield during fluoroscopy and special procedures. T or F | True |
| A spot film device protective curtain or sliding panel of a minimum thickness of 0.25 mm lead equivalent should normally be positioned between the fluoroscopist and the patient to intercept what types of radiation? | Scattered radiation above the tabletop |
| When the time spent in a higher-radiation area is reduced or limited, occupational exposure is what? | reduced |
| For C-arm devices with similar fields of view, the dose rate to personnel located within a meter of the patient is _______ . | comparable to that of routine |
| During fluoroscopy, which of the following will provide radiation protection for the radiographer and the radiologist? 1. Adequate collimation 2. Use of high-speed image receptor systems 3. Use of a cumulative timing device | 1,2 and 3 |
| Radiographers and nonoccupationally exposed individuals should never stand in the useful beam to restrain a patient during a radiographic procedure. T or F | True |
| At a 90-degree angle to the primary x-ray beam, at a distance of 1 m, the scattered radiation is what fraction of the intensity of the primary beam? | 1/1000 |
| What is another term for use factor (U)? | Beam direction factor |
| What is the term for the proportional amount of time during which the x-ray beam is energized or directed toward a particular barrier? | Use factor |
| The maximum weekly permitted equivalent dose for a controlled area must not exceed _____ microsieverts (_____ mrem). | 1000; 100 |
| Most facilities’ x-ray room doors have attenuation for diagnostic energy x-ray equivalent to that provided by a 1/32 inch of lead. T or F | True |
| ______ is the radiation output weighted time that the unit is actually delivering radiation during the week. | Workload |
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jackie.winne
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