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Rad Tech Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What's the horizontal or axial plane? | Divides body into superior and inferior portions |
| What's the midsagittal plane? | Divides the body into symmetric left and right |
| What's position name for an AP projection taken with a horizontal beam? | Lateral decubits |
| What's position name for a lateral projection taken with a horizontal beam? | Dorsal/ventral decubitus |
| CR for a PA finger? | Proximal IP jt. |
| Ideal projection for thumb? | AP (OID/magnification would increase if taken as a PA) |
| What projection is useful to observe foreign bodies in the hand? | Lateral extension hand |
| CR for a fan lateral hand? | 2nd MCP jt. |
| Degree of obliquely for PA oblique hand? | 45° |
| What projection is used for rheumatoid arthritis? Why? | AP oblique bilateral hands (Ball Catchers Method) because it best visualizes open joint spaces |
| What/where are the 2 fat pads in the wrist? | Scaphoid (can be visualized below scaphoid in PA or PA oblique) and pronator (anterior to distal radius) |
| What projection is best to visualize the trapezium? | PA oblique wrist |
| What type of deviation is appropriate for a scaphoid projection? | Ulnar |
| What angle should be used for a scaphoid projection? | 10-20° |
| Where should the thumb be for a scaphoid projection? | Held together with the other fingers |
| How should the hand be position for an AP forearm? | Supinated |
| What might cause significant radial crossover in an AP forearm? | Pronated hand |
| For a lateral forearm, how should the distal radius and ulna appear? | The head of the ulna should be superimposed with the radius |
| CR for an AP fully extended elbow? | Flexion point |
| What two types of partially extended elbow prejections could be done? | Humerus parallel to IR, or radius and ulna parallel to IR |
| What projection is best to view the coronoid process? | Medial oblique elbow |
| What's seen best in a medial oblique elbow? | Radial crossover, coronoid process in profile, trochlea and medial epicondyle in profile |
| What's seen best in a lateral oblique elbow? | The radial head, neck, and tuberosity relatively free of superimposition and in profile, and the capitulation and lateral epicondyle in profile |
| CR for a lateral elbow? | 3.5-4cm medial to olecranon process |
| What are the three concentric arcs visible in a lateral elbow? | Sulcus, superimposed trochlea/capitulum, trochlear notch |
| What three fat pads are in the elbow? | Anterior (anterior to distal humerus), posterior (within olecranon fossa), and supinator (anterior to proximal radius) |
| What elbow projection would be done if patient cannot do any extension? | Acute flexion AP elbow |
| What two CR angles are used for an acute flexion AP elbow? | Perpendicular to humerus or perpendicular to forearm |
| Method name for trauma axial lateral elbow projections? | Coyle |
| Describe the Coyle Method used to best visualize the radial head and capitulum | Hand pronated, elbow flexed 90°, CR 45° towards shoulder (radius and ulna will appear very separated on radiograph) |
| Describe the Coyle Method used to best visualize the coronoid process and trochlea | Hand pronated, elbow flexed 80°, CR 45° away from shoulder (radius and ulna will appear melted together on radiograph) |
| Which joint (shoulder or elbow) should be included for an AP humerus? | Both |
| Describe the epicondylar plane and greater tubercle for an AP humerus | Epicondylar plane should be parallel to the IR, and the greater tubercle should be in profile laterally |
| What are pros of a mediolateral humerus projection over a lateromedial one? | More uniform contact, decreased OID/magnification, easier on patient, decreases radiation dose |
| Describe the epicondylar plane for a Medio lateral humerus? | Perpendicular to the IR |
| What are the three shoulder rotations? | External (greater tubercle in profile laterally & epicondyles paralllel), internal (lesser tubercle in profile medially & epicondyles perpendicular), and neutral (both tubercles in anterior & epicondyles 45°) |
| CR for an AP shoulder? | 2.5cm inferior to coracoid process |
| When should neutral shoulder rotation be used? | Trauma situations |
| CR for full transthoracic lateral humerus and proximal transthoracic lateral humerus? | Midhumerus, perpendicular to surgical neck of proximal humerus |
| What can be done if unaffected arm can't be totally raised up for a transthoracic lateral humerus? | 10-15° cephalad angle on CR |
| What is the Lawrence Method? | Inferosuperior axial shoulder: CR 15-30° medially into the axillary, patient supine, elbow flexed 90°, hand supinated |
| What is the inferosuperior axial shoulder used for? How might it be modified? | Used to examine shoulder conditions (NOT fractures/dislocations), can use exaggerated external rotation for Hills-Sachs defect |
| Describe the superoinferior axial shoulder projection | CR 5-15° through shoulder joint towards elbow, patient seated, elbow flexed 90°, hand pronated, greater OID/distortion, can see ribs on radiograph |
| What's the best projection to see the glenoid cavity? | AP oblique glenois cavity (Grashey method) |
| Describe the set up for the Grashey method | CR 5cm inferior and medial to superolateral border of humerus, body in 35-45° RPO/LPO, scapula needs to be parallel to IR |
| What's the best projection to see humeral head dislocation? | Lateral scapular Y |
| What two important anatomical landmarks are in profile in the scapular Y? | Acromion (posterior), coracoid process (anterior) |
| Where is arm for AP scapula? Why? | Abducted 90° to move scapula laterally (want its lateral border free of superimposition) |
| What angle is used for an AP axial clavicle? | 15-30° cephalad (greater for asthenic patients) |
| When are AP clavicle images taken? | At end of inspiration |
| What must be done before doing bilateral AC joints with weights? | Rule out any clavicle fractures |
| What SID is used for bilateral AC joints? | 180cm |
| What breathing instructions are used for bilateral AC joints? | Suspend respiration |
| Angle used for axial toes? | 10-15° posterior |
| CR for oblique toes? | To MTP jt. |
| CR for AP axial foot? | 10° posterior to base of 3rd metatarsal (lower arch = 5°, higher arch = 15°) |
| Rotation for an oblique foot? | 30-40° medially, until general anterior plane is parallel to IR |
| What's well demonstrated in an AP oblique foit? | Cuboid and calcaneus |
| CR for lateral foot? | Mid-cuneiforms, at level of the base of the 3rd metatarsal |
| Body position for a lateral foot? | LPO/RPO |
| What rotation error occurred if fibula is superimposed with anterior half of tibia? | Medial rotation elevating the forefoot |
| What two fat pads are found in the foot? | Anterior pretalar and posterior pericapsular |
| What type of exams are used to investigate arch and ligament conditions? | Functional weight-bearing exams |
| CR for AP weight-bearing feet? | 15° posterior at base of metatarsals |
| Angle used and name of calcaneus projection? | 40° cephalad, plantodorsal axial calcaneus |
| CR for mediolateral calcaneus? | 2.5cm inferior to medial malleolus |
| What projection is done to check for negative or positive signs of ankle ligament injuries? | AP oblique Mortise ankle with 10-20° medial rotation |
| What does the true AP oblique ankle best present? | Distal tib/fib articulation |
| CR for AP knee? | 1.25cm distal to apex of patella, parallel to tibial plateaus (5° caudad, no angle, or 5° cephalad) |
| CR for PA knee? | 5-7° caudad, exits 1.25cm distal to apex of patella |
| AP medial oblique vs. lateral oblique knee? | Medial: for tib/fib articulation, lateral: for proximal fibula (seen through the tibia) |
| CR for lateral knee? | 5-7° cephalad, 2.5cm distal to medial epicondyle, leg flexed 20-30° |
| CR angle for weight-bearing knees? | Perpendicular for average, 5-10° caudad for thin |
| CR for tunnel views? | Into popliteal crease, perpendicular to lower leg (40-50°) |
| Patella ideally taken AP or PA? | PA |
| Other name for Settegast Method? | Tangential Axial Patella |
| Set-up for Settegast method? | |
| Patient prone, leg flexed 90%, CR 15-20° cephalad into femoropatellar joint space | |
| What rotation may be required to make condyles parallel to IR for femur exams? | 5° internally |
| Should the knee be flexed for a lateral femur? | Yes, 45° |
| Leg rotation for AP pelvis? | 15-20° internally if non-trauma |
| CR for AP unilateral hip? | Perpendicular to mid-femoral neck, will see greater trochanter in profile laterally |
| Describe lateral hip set-up | CR midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis, leg abducted 90° and parallel to IR, body posteriorly obliqued so pelvis shifted towards IR |
| CR and abduction for frog leg hip? | CR 7.5cm below ASIS (to femoral neck level), 40-45° abduction |
| Alternative frog leg abduction? | 20-30°, decreases femoral neck distortion |
| What stands out about a unilateral frog leg? | Pelvis is in true AP and greater trochanter is superimposed with the femur |
| What's another name for the elevated Judet method? | AP oblique acetabulum with internal rotation |
| What's another name for the lowered Judet method? | AP oblique acetabulum with external rotation |
| What's demonstrated in the elevated side of the Judet? | Posterior rim of acetabulum, anterior iliopubic column, and the obturator foramen |
| What's demonstrated in the lowered side of the Judet? | Anterior rim of the acetabulum, ilioischial column |
| CR for axial pelvic outlet? | 30-45° cephalad for women, 20-35° cephalad for men,3-5cm distal to public symphysis |
| CR for axial pelvic inlet? | 40° caudad at level of ASIS |
| Topographic landmark for the jugular notch? | T2-T3 |
| Topographic landmark for the sternal angle? | T3-T4 |
| Topographic landmark for the xiphoid tip? | T9-10 |
| Topographic landmark for the inferior costal angle? | L2-L3 |
| Body position for a PA sternum? | 15-20° RAO |
| Trauma alternative for sternum? | Do as AP with LPO body position (larger OID and magnification as consequence) |
| SID used for lateral sternum? | 180cm |
| What two oblique positions can be used for a right rib injury? | 45° RPO or LAO |
| What two oblique positions can be used for a left rib injury? | 45° LPO or RAO |
| CR for AP rib study above diaphragm? | 8-10cm below jugular notch (expose on inspiration) |
| CR for AP rib study below diaphragm? | Midway between xiphoid process and lower ribs (taken on expiration) |
| How many ribs should be visualized above diaphragm? | 10 |
| CR for PA SC joints? | Perpendicular to T2-T3/7cm distal to vertebral prominens (taken on expiration) |
| CR and body position for PA oblique SC joints? | |
| CR 7cm distal to vertebral prominens and 2.5-5cm lateral to MSP (towards elevated side). Body in 10-15° anterior oblique |
Created by:
Ewood61
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