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DC PSY A Final
Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is behaviorism? | the view that psychology should focus only on the scientific study of observable behaviors without reference to mental processes |
| What is humanistic psychology? | a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people |
| What is psychology? | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| What is the nature-nurture controversy all about? | the battle over the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experience (nurture) make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
| What is the integrated perspective that focuses on biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis for a mental process | the biopsychosocial approach |
| What is counseling psychology? | the branch of psychology that helps people with challenges in their daily lives and in achieving greater well-being |
| What is positive psychology? | the scientific study of the strengths and virtues of human functioning that help people and communities thrive |
| What is clinical psychology? | the branch of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological disorders |
| Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from what perspective? | the cognitive perspective |
| What tendency is also called the "I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon"? | hindsight bias |
| What is necessary for informed consent? | it is the ethical practice of giving research participants enough information to enable them to choose whether they wish to take part in a study |
| What is the basic purpose of the descriptive research method? | to observe and record behavior observations |
| What is the basic purpose of a correlational study? | to detect naturally occurring relationships and assess how one variable predicts another |
| What is the basic purpose of an experimental study? | to explore cause and effect |
| What are some examples of descriptive studies? | case studies, surveys, naturalistic observations |
| How do you conduct a correlational study? | collect data on two or more variables with no manipulation |
| How do you conduct an experimental study? | manipulate one or more variables |
| What is an independent variable? | the factor being manipulated and tested by the investigator |
| In a study of the effects of a new drug on reaction time, what is the independent variable? | the new drug |
| What is the dependent variable? | the factor being measured by the investigator, that is, the factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| In a study of the effects of a new drug on reaction time, what is the dependent variable? | the reaction time of the participants |
| What is a confounding variable? | a factor other than the independent variable that might influence the results |
| What is the placebo effect? | occurs when the results of an experiment are caused by expectations alone |
| What is a neuron? | also called a nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system |
| What are dendrites? | the bushy, branching extensions that receive messages from other nerve cells and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
| What is an axon? | the extension that sends impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles or glands |
| What is the myelin sheath? | a layer of fatty tissue that segmentally covers many axons and helps speed neural impulse |
| What is the action potential? | a neural impulse generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane |
| What is a neuron's threshold? | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| What is the synapse of a neuron? | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
| What is the tiny gap between neurons called? | the synaptic gap or cleft |
| What are neurotransmitters? | chemicals that are released into synaptic gaps and so transmit neural messages from neuron to neuron |
| What are endorphins? | natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
| Define the nervous system. | the speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all nerve cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems |
| What does the central nervous system consist of? | the brain and spinal cord |
| What does the peripheral nervous system include? | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands |
| What do sensory neurons do? | carry information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system for processing |
| What do motor neurons do? | carry information and instructions for action from the central nervous system to muscles and glands |
| What is the autonomic nervous system? | the division of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of internal organs and thereby controls internal functioning |
| What is the somatic nervous system? | the division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles |
| What is the sympathetic nervous system? | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
| What is the parasympathetic nervous system? | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
| What is the endocrine system? | the body's "slower" chemical communication system, consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| What do the adrenal glands do? | produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that prepare the body to deal with emergencies or stress |
| What does the pituitary gland do? | under the influence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
| What is also called "the master gland"? | the pituitary gland |
| What is the oldest and innermost region of the brain? | the brainstem |
| What does the brainstem do? | directs automatic survival functions |
| What are two areas that would best describe the professional specialty of industrial/organizational psychology? | human resources and employee morale |
| What two big ideas combine to influence behavior? | nature and nurture |
| During which prenatal stage of development does the heart, spine, and brain form? | embryonic |
| What disease cannot be transmitted to the baby from the mother through the placenta? | HIV/AIDS |
| How do Thomas and Chess categorize children? | as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up |
| What are some behaviors of an anxious-ambivalent child? | clinging and visual checking |
| During which of Erikson's stages would a person ask "Am I good or bad?" | during the Initiative v. Guilt stage |
| What is the correct order of cognitive developmental stages? | sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| Children having difficulty with conservation tasks are limited by what? | centration |
| How are right and wrong determined in Kohlberg's postconventional level? | by abstract ethical principles |
| Whose theory of development focuses on moral reasoning? | Kohlberg |
| What would Marcia call a successful sense of identity? | achievement |
| What would Marcia call the absence of a struggle for identity without obvious concern for it? | diffusion |
| During which of Erikson's stages would a person ask "Have I lived a full life?" | Integrity v. Despair stage |
| In what stage do most couples experience an increase in marital satisfaction? | the empty nest stage of the family cycle |
| What is the correct order of prenatal stages of development? | germinal, embryonic, fetal |
| During which prenatal stage does the infant reach the age of viability? | fetal |
| According to the textbook, what factor is most influential in determining whether a child will be securely or insecurely attached to his mother? | the child's temperament |
| During which of Erikson's stages would a person ask, "Is my world predictable and supportive?" | the Trust v. Mistrust stage |
| During which of Erikson's stages would a person ask, "Am I competent or am I worthless?" | Industry v. Inferiority stage |
| Searching for a toy that has fallen out of view, 18-month-old Shannon seems to have grasped what concept? | object permanence |
| Whose theory of development focuses on psychosocial crises? | Erikson |
| Which prenatal stage of development begins with conception? | germinal |
| Whose theory of development focuses on cognitive abilities? | Piaget |
| What are the "changeable conditions, events, or behaviors that psychologists observe or control" called? | variables |
| What does it mean if the correlation between aggressive behavior and alcohol consumption was -1.05? | the researcher made a statistical error (correlation must be between 1.00 and -1.00 |
| If the correlation between outdoor temperature and sales of suntan oil was 0.85, we could say what? | as one increases, so does the other |
| What do efferent nerve pathways do? | tell the knees to bend when sitting |
| What subcortex area includes the thalamus and hypothalamus? | the forebrain |
| What is the primary function of the temporal lobe? | auditory information |
| What is the primary function of the occipital lobe? | visual information |
| With the exception of sex cells, every cell in the human body contains how many chromosomes? | 46 |
| What is the "image" on your retina when you see a sunset? | a proximal stimulus |
| What kind of energy do gustation and olfaction process? | chemical |
| Where are the kinesthetic receptors or sensors found? | in muscles and joints |
| How is electromagnetic wave amplitude interpreted? | as brightness |
| How is air compression wave frequency interpreted? | as pitch |
| Assuming two people are "together" because they sit next to each other in class is an example of what? | proximity |
| What depth cue relies on only one eye? | interposition |
| What muscular depth cue relies on "going cross-eyed"? | convergence |
| When reversible figures "reverse", what changes? | perception |
| What part of the eye bends entering light rays and focuses them on the photoreceptors? | the lens |
| What kind of energy does vision process? | electromagnetic energy |
| Where are the hammer, anvil, and stirrups found? | in the middle ear |
| Which sensory system responds to gravity? | vestibular |
| How is air compression amplitude interpreted? | as loudness |
| Christmas lights that appear to move because of rapidly, successively turning each on and off is an example of what? | the phi phenomenon |
| Racial prejudice is an example of which Gestalt principle? | similarity |
| What pictorial depth cue relies on overlapping objects? | interposition |
| What pictorial depth cue relies on relative position within the visual field? | height in plane |
| When ambiguous figures take shape, what changes? | perception |
| What part of the eye converts light energy into neural energy? | the retina |
| What kind of energy does hearing process? | air compression waves |
| Where is the basilar membrane and cochlea found? | in the inner ear |
| How is electromagnetic wavelength interpreted? | as color or hue |
| What is the reversible figure an example of? | figure-ground |
| What depth cue relies on two eyes? | retinal disparity |
| What pictorial depth cue relies on the relative speed at which objects move? | motion parallax |
| How is jet lag explained? | in terms of disruptions in circadian rhythms |
| What kind of waves are associated with stage 3 and stage 4 sleep? | delta waves |
| What may be the result of REM sleep deprivation? | REM rebound |
| What is the most common treatment for insomnia? | sedative drugs |
| What best describes Cartwright's theory of dreams? | problem-solving |
| Which theory of dreams explains dreams in terms of making sense of internal neurochemical signals? | Activation-synthesis |
| Meditation can result in alpha and theta brainwaves and parasympathetic dominance, also known as what? | relaxation |
| What are drugs that decrease central nervous system activity called? | sedatives |
| What is the most widely use recreational drug in Western society? | alcohol |
| What is it called when a person must take more of a substance to satisfy intense emotional cravings? | psychological dependence |
| What does the electroencephalograph (EEG) do? | measures the electrical activity in the brain |
| Of the following, which are associated with wakefulness? | beta waves |
| About how many times do people usually repeat the sleep cycle in one night? | 4 times |
| How can you describe the activation-synthesis theory of dreams? | as random brain activity |
| About what percentage of the population is considered to be difficult or impossible to hypnotize? | 0.1 |
| What is meditation? | a deliberate effort to alter consciousness |
| What are drugs that increase central nervous system activity called? | stimulants |
| When more of a drug is needed to achieve the same effect, the user's body has developed a what? | tolerance to the drug |
| The human tendency to sleep and wake on a 24-hour cycle is referred to as what? | circadian rhythms |
| What type of waves are associated with drowsiness? | alpha waves |
| When do dreams most ofte occur? | REM sleep |
| How can you best describe Freud's theory of dreams? | wish fulfillment |
| About what percentage of the population is considered to be "exceptionally good hypnotic subjects"? | 0.1 |
| If a person experiences two separate streams of awareness due to being hypnotized, he is said to be what? | dissociated |
| What are drugs derived from opium that relieve pain called? | narcotics |
| What are drugs that cuase sensory distortions called? | hallucinogens |
| When a person must take more of a substance to avoid withdrawal symptoms, he is what? | physically dependent |
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