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Clin. Neuro Class 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the parts of the brain. | 1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. brainstem |
| Cerebellum-a.k.a. = | telencephalon |
| What makes up the CNS? | 1. Brian 2. Spinal Cord |
| Name the parts of the cerebrum. | 1. Cortex 2. Diencephalon |
| What is the composition of white matter? | 1. mostly axons |
| The axons have two types of tracts? | 1. Descending 2. Ascending |
| What are the names for the descending tracts? (white matter) | 1. column 2. fasciculus 2. funiculus 3. lemniscus 3. peduncle 4. tract |
| What is the location of white matter in the spinal cord? cerebrum? | Spinal cord- periphery Cerebrum- deep |
| What is the composition of grey matter? | cell bodies and dendrites |
| What are clusters of cell bodies called in the CNS? PNS? | CNS- nuclei PNS- ganglia |
| What type of neurons are found in the grey matter? | 1. projecting (long) 2. interneurons |
| What is the location of grey matter in the Spinal cord and brainstem? cortex and cerebellum? | SC and Br. Stem- deep Cortex and cerebellum- surface |
| Most sensory pathway ________ at some level of the nervous system. | cross |
| Most motor pathways cross as they ________. | descend |
| Most deficits manifest themselves __________ to the lesion. | contralateral |
| What is the exception for contralateral manifestation of a lesion? | cerebellum |
| Rostral= | toward the nose |
| Caudal= | toward the tail |
| The telencephalon is at a _______ degree angle to the spinal cord and brainstem. | 100 |
| Name the two cell types found in the nervous system. | 1. Neurons 2. Glia |
| Number of neurons? glia? | Neurons= 20 billion Glia= 39 billion |
| Name of neurons classified by shape. | 1. Multipolar 2. Pseudounipolar 3. Bipolar |
| Bipolar neurons are special to? | Sense organs, eg.) olfactory, vision, and hearing |
| Names of neurons classified by connection. | 1. sensory 2. motor 3. interneurons |
| Define sensory neuron. | receives information from a receptor |
| Define motor neuron. | sends information to muscles or glands |
| What neurons make up the majority? | interneurons (99%) |
| Neuroglia is ________ _________ | nerve glue |
| T/F There is a lot of connective tissue in the CNS. | F |
| Glia help to maintain ________ _______ and _________ in the CNS | 1. electrolyte balance 2. homeostasis |
| Name the three types of glia. | 1. Macroglia 2. Microglia 3. Schwann Cells |
| Name the two types of Macroglia. | 1. astocytes 2. oligodendrocytes |
| Astrocytes have _________. | neurotransmitters |
| What is the main function of oligodendrocytes. | Myelinate neurons of the CNS |
| Astrocytes have __________ end feet. | perivascular |
| Astocytes may be involved in the ________ of _________. | transport of nutrients |
| Beneath the pia astrocytes form what? a barrier between what? | 1. glial membrane 2. cerebral spinal fluid and the brain |
| After injury astrocytes form what? | a glial scar |
| What are the two types of astrocytes? | 1. fibrous (white matter) 2. protoplasmic (grey matter) |
| Glioblastoma= | fast growing astrocytic tumor |
| Astrocytoma= | Slow growing astrocytic tumor |
| Most intracranial tumors are ________. | gliomas |
| The cell bodies of oligodendrocytes are _______ and have _______ cytoplasm. | dense; little |
| What produces myelin sheaths for the CNS? | oligodendrocytes |
| One oligodendrocyte gives off processes to myelinate segments of up to _________ different axons. | 15 |
| What are smaller than macroglia? | microglia |
| Name glia that are normally inactive. | microglia |
| What happen to microglia after injury? | activated |
| Microglia change into __________ after injury and what is their function? | macrophage, phagocytize |
| What is the glial cell for the PNS? | Schwann |
| What is the function of the Schwann cell? | 1. myelinate on segment of an axon 2. support smaller, unmyelinated axons |
| What is the difference between the PNS and CNS | 1. PNS myelinated by Schwann cells 2. CNS- myelinated by Oligodendrocytes |
| What is the difference in re-growth of the CNS and PNS? | 1. CNS- regrowth unlikely 2. PNS- Schwann cells have regrowth factor |
| When do Schwann cells begin to myelinate rootlets? | immediately outside the spinal cord |
| Peripheral nerves are made of axons of _______, ________, and _______ neurons. | 1. sensory 2. postganglionic sympathetic 3. motor |
| T/F All Cranial nerves are part of the CNS. | F |
| What CN is an extension of the CNS? Why? | 1. Optic nerve 2. myelinated by oligodendrocytes |
| What CN contains parsympathetic autonomic fibers? | III, VII, IX, X |
| Proteins are synthesized for _______ or _______ use. | intrinsic or extrinsic |
| What determines which protein will be syntehsized? | DNA |
| What proteins are specific to certain cells? | 1. neurotransmitters 2. receptors |
| What proteins are common to all cells? | proteins involved in membranes, cytoskeletons, etc. |
| Describe the synthesis of proteins for export. | 1. RER via RNA tranlation 2. packeage in golgi in vesicles 3. transported to membrane |
| Describe the synthesis of proteins for intrinsic use. | synthesized on free ribosomes |
| Intrinsic proteins= | cytoskeleton, ion channels, receptors, second messenger systems, proteins that support the dendrites and spines |
| What is the function of the cytoskeleton? | 1. support the neuron 2. hold receptors in place 3. transport substances |
| Name three types of filaments found in the cytoskeleton and their funciton. | 1. microtubules- transport 2. microfilaments- support body 3. neurofilaments- support axon |
| Transport in the cytoskeleton happens in what directions? | anterogradely and retorgradely |
| What can affect the transport mechanisms in a negative way? | neuropathies |
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