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AP Psych Unit 2
brains
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| accident case study | study brain damage, unreliable |
| acetylcholine | stimulates skeletal muscles |
| action potential | release of neural impulse |
| adrenal glands | glands on the kidneys |
| adrenal medulla | releases epinephrine, norep, stress |
| adrenal cortex | stress reactions, salt intake, sex hormones |
| afferent (sensory neurons) | from senses to spinal cord |
| agonist | mimics/enhances effect of NT |
| alcohol | agonist to GABA |
| all or none fashion | neuron either fires or doesn't |
| alzheimer's | too much glutamate |
| amygdala | fear response |
| antagonist | blocks effect of NT |
| auditory association area | interprets audio |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | part of PNS, controls automatic functions |
| autopsy | dissect brains of dead to map structure |
| axon | carries messages to other cells |
| axon hillock | axon closest to soma |
| axon terminal | end of axon, communicates with other nerve cells |
| behaviorism | personality is a set of habits |
| behaviorism, humanism, SCT | seek to explain personality |
| broca's aphasia | cannot produce words, halting speech |
| broca's area | left frontal lobe, production of speech |
| CAT | X-ray "slices", shows brain damage |
| cingulate cortex | cognitive tasks (attention, words, memory) |
| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| corpus callosum | connects left and right hemisphere |
| cortex | outermost part of brain, wrinkled |
| corticalization | the increase in wrinkling as brain increases in size |
| CT | computed tomography |
| curare | causes paralysis, antagonist to Ach |
| DBS | deep brain stimulation, uses electrodes |
| dendrite | receive message from other cells |
| dopamine | control of movement, pleasure |
| parkinsons | too little dopamine |
| schizophrenia | too much dopamine |
| DTI | uses MRI to image white matter, investigate disorders |
| EEG | electroencephalogram, uses discs on scalp to map brain waves |
| efferent (motor neurons) | from spinal cord to muscles and glands |
| endocrine glands | secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| endorphins | pain-controlling neuropeptide |
| enzymatic degradation | structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it cannot act |
| ERP | study different stages of cognitive processing |
| ESB | stimulates brain with electricity, milder than lesioning |
| excitatory | causes neuron to fire |
| fMRI | functional examination of brain areas |
| frontal lobe | front of brain, higher mental functions |
| Gaba-amniobutyric acid (GABA) | inhibitory NT, calms anxiety, alcohol |
| gender differences | stereotyped thinking about gender |
| glands | organs that secrete chemicals |
| glia (glial cells) | various functions, support neurons |
| glutamate | learning, memory, develop nervous system |
| grey matter | outer areas of brain, unmyelinated axons |
| hemisphere strength | people are whole-brained |
| hippocampus | long-term declarative memories, in temporal lobe |
| hormones | chemicals secreted by endocrine gland |
| humanism | what makes people uniquely human (self-actualization) |
| hypothalamus | controls the pituitary, ultimate regulator of hormones |
| identity versus role confusion | the psychosocial crisis faced by teens |
| inhibitory | causes neuron to stop firing |
| left hemisphere | processes information in a sequence, controls right hand |
| lesioning | deliberately destroys brain cells to test the result |
| man's communication style | "report" |
| medial prefrontal cortex | decision making, learning, memory |
| MEG | uses magnetic fields to map brainwaves, identify areas of brain activation |
| mirror neurons | fires when a person performs an action or observes an action |
| motor cortex | control movements of voluntary muscles |
| motor pathway | part of SNS, messages from CNS to muscles |
| MRI | magnetic resonance, creates 3D image |
| MRI spectroscopy | estimate concentration of specific chemicals and NT in brain |
| myelin sheath | speeds up neural messages |
| neuropeptide | can serve as NT, hormone, influence NT |
| neurotransmitters | found in synaptic vesicles, has effect on next cell |
| norepinephrine | arousal, mood |
| occipital lobe | back of brain, visual processing |
| OCEAN | five factor trait model |
| oligodendrocytes | produce myelin for brain and spinal cord, cannot regen |
| orbitofrontal cortex | emotional processing, decision making |
| ovary/testis (gonads) | regulates some sexual behavior |
| pancreas | regulates blood sugar in the body |
| insulin and glucagon | released by pancreas |
| diabetes | too little insulin |
| hypoglycemia | too much insulin |
| parasympathetic division | part of ANS, eat-drink-and-rest |
| parathyroid | next to thyroid, regulates calcium levels |
| parietal lobe | top-back of brain |
| personality | way individual thinks, acts, feels |
| PET | uses radioactive sugar to detect brain activity |
| pituitary gland | below hypothalamus, controls all other endocrine glands |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the rest of the nervous system (not brain or spinal cord) |
| prefrontal cortex | cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making |
| primary auditory cortex | temporal lobe, processes auditory information |
| primary visual cortex | occipital lobe, processes visual information |
| receptor sites | proteins that allow only particular molecules of a certain shape to fit into it |
| resting potential | when the neuron is not firing, cell negative at rest |
| reuptake | neurotransmitters are taken back into vesicles |
| right hemisphere | global processing, controls the left hand, holistic |
| schwann cells | produce myelin for the rest of the body, can regenerate |
| sensory pathway | part of SNS messages from senses to CNS |
| serotonin | sleep, mood, anxiety |
| low serotonin | depression |
| social cognitive theory | external stimuli, response patterns, cognitive shape personality |
| soma | neuron cell body, sustains |
| somatic nervous system (SNS) | voluntary muscles |
| somatosensory cortex | in parietal lobe, processes info from skin, "upside-down" |
| spatial neglect | damage to parietal right hemisphere, cannot recognize objects in left visual field |
| Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) | measures brain blood flow, better than PET |
| sympathetic division | part of ANS, fight-or-flight |
| synapse | fluid-filled space between axon terminal and dendrite |
| synaptic plasticity | ability of synapses to strength over time |
| transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) | changes excitability of cortical neurons below scalp electrodes |
| temperament | behavior and emotional characteristics established at birth |
| temporal lobe | audio, language, memory, behind temples |
| thalamus | relays sensory information to proper areas of cortex |
| threshold of excitation | level of energy needed for neural impulse |
| thyroid gland | neck, regulates growth and metabolism |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS/rTMS | magnetic fields stimulate neurons in targeted area of cortex |
| trait theorists | seek to describe personality |
| visual association cortex | occipital lobe, understands visual information |
| wernicke's aphasia | using the wrong words (stroke patients) |
| wernicke's area | understand meaning of words |
| white matter | fiber tracts, myelinated |
| woman's communication style | "relate" |
| medulla | life-sustaining functions |
| pons | coordinate movements on left and right |
| reticular formation (RF) | attention, alertness, arousal |
| cerebellum | sitting upright, reflexes, fine motor functions |
Created by:
rockygb
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