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PSYC- 7.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atkinson-Shiffrin Model | Memory is consist of different stores that keep a record of information about life events according to how long those events occur. |
| Cognitive Revolution | Study of internal mental processes became an acceptable target for research. |
| What are the three stages of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model? | Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory |
| Store | retain information in memory without using it for specific purpose |
| control processes | shifts information from one memory store to another |
| attention | selects a portion of sensory memory that will be passed on to short term memory |
| encoding | storing information into the long term memory |
| retrieval | brings information from LTM back to STM |
| sensory memory | memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time |
| iconic memory | the visual form of of sensory memory |
| how long is iconic memory held for | one half to one second |
| echoic memory | the auditory form of sensory memory |
| Patrtial report condtion | participants were flashed with a set of letters on screen but display was followed immediately by a tone randomly chosen to be low, medium or high |
| whole report condition | participants atttempt to recall as many of the letters as possible- the whole screen |
| difference between partial and whole report outcomes | In partial report, participants recalled the letters from the row indicated by the tone. They stored it in sensory memory. |
| short term memory- chunking | organizing smaller units of information into larger and more meaningful units. |
| example of chunking | given: CGHTSHRTY, a method allows one to group the letters into three groups of three: CGH TSH RTY |
| how long is echoic memory held for | no more than 5 seconds |
| what do Partial report and whole report conditions prove? | about how much letters the sensory memory can hold given those conditions |
| change blindness study | when participants view two pictures that are identical, except for one feature; and asked what differs between them. |
| how long are information stored in the short term memory? | around 1 minute |
| how much information can be held in the STM? | 7 plus or minus 2 items |
| what happens if we fail to encode information in the STM? | information vanishes forever |
| what happens if we are able to encode information in the STM? | information goes to LTM |
| how are concepts in LTM organized? | according to their similar meaning (under categories) |
| serial position effect | remembering only the information that are presented at the beginning and the end. It is hard to remember the information presented in the middle |
| example of serial position effect | being presented 15 words, (one at a time). then asked to report those words. You will only be able to report the beginning and the end; it is hard to remember the information presented in the middle |
| key parts of serial position effect | 1)primary effect - superior remembering for the first few items 2) recency effect- primary effect - superior remembering for the last few items |
| what is the primary effect? | encoding of information into long term memory |
| what does the serial position effect support? | Atkinson-Shiffrin Model |
| what is the recency effect? | reflecting information as items that remain in short-term store |
| Proactive Interference | information presented first interferes with memory for items that comes after |
| example of Proactive Interference | when one fails to remember additional information, after being presented with the first 4 words |
| Retroactive Interference | information presented later, interferes with memory for items that are presented before |
| example of Retroactive Interference | after hearing the last 3 words, it is difficult to remember the preceding words |
| what is modern view for short term memory? | working memory |
| why is STM called working memory? | since STM keeps information in mind for as long as we need it to accomplish goals |
| what is rehearsal? | active repeating information over and over again |
| what is the purpose of rehearsal | so information doesn't disappear from working memory before we are done with it |
| example of rehearsal | if someone gives you their new phone number and you don't have anything to record it with, you will constantly repeat to yourself about their phone number, until you get a chance to record it on your phone permanently. |
| what is working memory consist of? | PH |
| Phonological loop | contains information in an auditory/sound-based form, wiwth the help of rehearsal |
| what is the restriction of Phonological loop | if a list of words take longer than 2 seconds to repeat in mind, we will quickly lose memory for some of those words |
| what is this an example of? if a list of words take longer than 2 seconds to repeat in mind, we will quickly lose memory for some of those words | word-length effect |
| visuospatial sketchpad | holds representations in visual format |
| what does visuospatial sketchpad allow us to do? | remember and locate things in space; and allows us to perform things that require vision task (graphic artistry, planning travel route) |
| feature binding | thinking about objects as a collection of individual features (whole). This is based |
| how many objects can we maintain in visuospatial sketchpad? | 4 whole items |
| episodic buffer | representing combined visuospatial sketchpad, auditory, and knowledge from LTM store` |
| example of episodic buffer | "I need to pass this car so I can pull over and find my phone to call his number-quick!" |
| example of central executive | "watch traffic, now listen to radio, now watch traffic, and call his number!" |
| what is episodic buffer for? | for transfering an intergrated understanding of events into LTM, to have a sensible representation and audible information for our remembering |
| how do people successfully transfer information to LTM? | by giving the words meaningful sentences, in order to associate them easier in minds |
| how many words can people retain when giving meaning to words as sentences? | up to 7 to 10 words into working memory |
| central executive | for coordinating the function of the 3 storage systems and directing sensory inputs |
| what does central executive coordinate? | contents of conscious minds with reference with what we want to achieve in any situations, and contents in LTM we should retain to help us function |
Created by:
corrp
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