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Ch10. Dose limits
RAD Protection/Biology. Chap 10. Dose limits
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evaluates info on biologic effects and provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits | Internal Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) |
| Reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendations in U.S. radiation protection criteria. | National Council on Rad Protection and Measurements (NCRP) |
| Evaluates human and environment exposure and derives risk assessments from data and research; provides info to organizations such as the ICRP. | United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) |
| Reviews studies of biologic effect and risk assessment and provides the info to organizations such as the ICRP. | National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiaiton (NAS/NRC-BEIR) |
| Since its inception in _______, ICRP has been the leading organization responsible for providing radiation protection guidance. | 1928 |
| NCRP, chartered by congress in _____, reviews the recomendations formulated by the ICRP. | 1964 |
| UNSCEAR, established in _____, evaluates exposures from a variety of sources such as radioactive materials, radiation-producing machines, radiation accidents. | 1955 |
| NAS/NRC-BEIR is another advisory group, this group formulated the ____ BEIR V Report. | 1990 |
| Recommendations for EfD limits and EqD limits are made by the ____, _____, _____, and ____. | ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR, NAS/NRC-BEIR |
| U.S. regulatory agencies that enforce the standards that have been determined? | Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Agreement States, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) |
| Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was formerly known as what? | Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) |
| ________ is a federal agency that has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security. | NRC |
| This agency (NRC) has the power to enforce radiation protection standards, but does not regulator or inspect x-ray imaging facilities. T or F? | True |
| What is the main function of the NRC? | to oversee the nuclear energy industry. |
| _____ publishes its rules/regulations in Title 10 of the U.S code of Federal Regulations, and enters into written agreements with state governments that permit the state to license & regulate the use of radioisopes. | Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) |
| ______ enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments | Agreement States |
| _______ Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| _____ Conducts radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products | FDA |
| ___ Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry | OSHA |
| NARM? | Naturally occurring and/or accelerator produced materials |
| NRC publishes rules/regulations in Part _ of _______. Therefore the abbreviation 10 CFR 20 is used. | 20 of Title 10. |
| The NRC has authority to enter into written contracts with state governments. What do these agreements permit? | Permit the contracting state to undertake the responsibility of licensing and regulating the use of radioisotopes and other radioactive materials. |
| The difference between agreement states and nonagreement states? | Agreement states: they are responsible for enforcing radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments. NON: both the state and the NRC enforce by sending agents to health care facilities. |
| EPA was established December 2nd, ____. | 1970. |
| The ____ facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment. | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| ___ directs federal agencies, oversees the general area of environmental monitoring, has authority for specific areas such as determining the action level for radon. | EPA |
| The NRC mandates that a _______ be established for the facility. This committee provides guidance for the program and facilitates its ongoing operation. | Radiation Safety Committee (RSC) |
| Who implements and enforces the policies of the radiation safety program? | RSO |
| A RSO is normally a.... | physicist, radiologist, or other qualified individual. |
| Who reviews and maintains radiation monitoring records for all personnel and ensures that all persons and adequately protected from unnecessary radiation? | RSO |
| In what year did U.S. congress pass the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act? | 1968 |
| What is the 1968 Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act? | To protect the public from hazards of unnecessary radiation resulting from electronic products such as TV's. |
| CDRH? | Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Used to be Bureau of Radiologic Health (BRH) |
| The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is responsible for.... | conducting an ongoing electronic product radiation control program. Sets up standards for the manufacturers, installation, maintenance of machines. (also asses biologic effects, evaluates emissions from products, researches to reduce) |
| _______ assesses the biologic effect of radiation, evaluates emissions from electronic products, and conducts research to reduce exposure. | Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) |
| When did the code of standards for x-ray equipment go into effect? | August 1, 1974 |
| What are the (5) provisions included in the standards for diagnostic x-ray equipment? | PBL, minimal permanent filtration, ability to duplicate exposures at any given mAs/kVp, "beam on" indicators, manual backup timers for AEC. |
| In _____, the ____________ put forth the principle of ALARA. | 1954, National Committee on Radiation Protection (NCRP). |
| What is NCRP report No. 116? | Limitation of exposure to ionizing radiation, Report enunciates the goal of rad protection... "prevent the occurance of serieous radiation-induced conditions and to reduce stochastic effects to a degree that is acceptable in relation to the benefits.." |
| ______ effects are biologic somatic effects that can be directly related to the dose received. | Deterministic |
| ________ effects exhibit a threshold dose below which the response does not normally occur and above which the severity increases as dose increases. | deterministic |
| Deterministic effects may be early, such as: | Skin redness, Decrease in white blood cell count, Epilation (loss of hair) |
| Early and late deterministic somatic effects have a high probability of occurring when entrance radiation doses exceed | 2 Gyt |
| The frequency of occurrance of high dose deterministic effects follows what kind of curve? | sigmoidal with a threshold |
| _____ effects are mutational, nonthreshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic effects. | Stochastic |
| Cancer and genetic alterations are examples of what effects? | stochastic |
| Stochastic responses may be demonstrated with use of what kind/s of curves? | Linear and linear-quadratic. |
| embryo-fetus, incidence of severe mental retardation for fetal doses greater than approx _____. | 0.4 Sv |
| ____ or ____ weighting factos indicates the ratio of the risk of stoachastic effects attributable to irradiation of a given organ to the total risk when the whole body is uniformly exposed. | organ or tissue |
| Organ/tissue Wt: bone surface and skin | 0.01 |
| Organ/tissue Wt: bladder, breast, liver, esophagus, thyroid.... | 0.05 |
| Organ/tissue Wt: Red bone marrow, colon, lung, stomach | 0.12 |
| Organ/tissue Wt: gonads | 0.2 |
| Limit for any eduction and training exposures of individuals under the age of 18 | EfD of 1 mSv annually |
| _____ mSv to the crystalline lnes of the eyes and ____ mSv for localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet. | 150, 500 |
| Negligible individual dose of ____ mSv/year per source has been set. (below this level a reduction of exposure is unnecessary) | 0.01 |
| What is radiation hormesis? | beneficial consequence of radiation for populations continuously exposed to moderately higher levels of radiation. Theory is not proven. |
| Occupational exposure: Effective dose limits- Annually? Cumulative? | annual- 50 mSv. Cumulative- 10 mSv x age |
| Occupational exposure: Equivalent dose annual limits for tissue- Lens of eye? Skin, hands, feet? | Eye- 150 mSv. Skin hands and feet- 500 mSv. (public is 15 and 50) |
| Public exposures: Effective dose limit, continuous or frequent? Effective dose limit, infrequent exposure? | continuous- 1 mSv. Infrequent- 5 mSv |
| Education/training exposures annual: Effective dose limit? | 1 mSv |
| Embryo fetus exposures: Equivalent dose limit? | 1 mSv |
| Public exposures annual: equivalent dose limits for tissues: Eye? Skin, hands, feet? | Eye- 15 mSv. Hands/feet- 50 mSv. (occupational is 150 and 500) |
| ______ is used in the description of population or group exposure form low doses of different sources of radation | ColEfD |
| No threshold, severity independant of dose received, cells are modified | Stochastic |
| Threshold, severity directly related to dose received, cells are killed | Deterministic |
| The term linear nonthreshold curve implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is: | directly proportional to the dose |
| Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship | Nonlinear, threshold |
| Studies of A-bomb survivors indicate that leukemia has a _____ dose-response relationship to radiation | Linear, nonthreshold |
| A _____ effect increases in incidence but not severity as the dose increases. | Stochastic |
| unit of dose equivalent is the | Rem |
| NCRP recommends a monthly EqD limit not exceeding _____ per month to the fetus, and a limit during the entire pregnancy not to exceed ____. | 0.5 mSv, 5.0 mSv |
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Zoest35
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