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Module 42
Trait Theories, Social-Cognitive Theories, and the Self
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychologists assess a wide range of emotional and behavioral traits by means of what? | personality inventories |
| A highly anxious and insecure personality illustrates the Big Five trait dimension of what? | neuroticism |
| Johnson refuses to take reasonable precautions h is health because he believes good health is just a matter of luck anyway. Johnson's attitude best illustrates what? | an external locus of control |
| What is a trait? | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act |
| What are personality inventories? | associated with the trait perspective, they are questionnaires used to assess personality traits |
| What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? | consisting of 10 clinical scales, the most widely researched and clinically used personality inventory |
| What is an empirically derived test? | one developed by testing many items to see which best distinguish between groups of interest |
| What is the social-cognitive perspective? | the result of interactions between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context |
| What is reciprocal determinism? | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment that shapes personality |
| What is personal control? | refers to the extent to which people perceive control over their environment |
| What is external locus of control? | the perception that your fate is determined by forces not under personal control |
| What is internal locus of control? | the perception that, to a great extent, you control your own destiny |
| What is self-control? | the ability to control impulses and delay gratification |
| What is learned helplessness? | the passive resignation and perceived lack of control that a person or animal develops from repeated exposure to inescapable aversive events |
| What is positive psychology? | the scientific study of optimal human functioning focusing on positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions. |
| What is "self" in contemporary psychology? | the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| What is the spotlight effect? | the tendency of people to overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders |
| What is self-esteem? | refers to an individual's feeling of self-worth |
| What is self-serving bias? | the tendency to perceive oneself favorably |
| What is narcissism? | excessive self-love and self-absorption |
| James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude exemplifies what? | self-serving bias |
| Nadine has a relatively high level of brain arousal. Trait theorists would probably predict that she is a(n) what? | introvert |
| Isaiah is sober and reserved; Rashid is fun-loving and affectionate. The Eysencks would say that Isaiah _________ and Rashid ___________. | is an introvert; is an extravert |
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