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PHT115 Chapter 2
Stuff to know
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four pharmacokinetic phases? | Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination |
| Pharmacokinetic phases control the __________ of the drug's effect and the _________ of the drug action. | Intensity, duration |
| What is the time it takes the drug to reach the concentration necessary to produce a therapeutic effect? | Onset of action |
| What two things does the phase of drug disposition involve? | Disintegration and dissolution |
| Are drugs administered parenterally subject to the first-pass effect? | No. |
| Which is greater - the bioavailability of parenterally administered drugs or orally? | Parenterally |
| What process involves movement of drug molecules from the site of administration? | Absorption |
| What factors influence absorption? | pH, blood flow, surface area, tissue thickness |
| What is the process of movement of the drug from the circulatory system, across barrier membranes? | Distribution |
| What factors influence distribution? | Chemical nature of the drug, protein and tissue binding and ability to move across anatomical barriers. |
| What is the biochemical process involving enzymes that convert the administered drug to metabolites that are more or less active than the original drug? | Metabolism |
| What organ clears nearly all of the drug in the process of first-pass metabolism? | Liver |
| Factors influencing metabolism include liver function, age, gender, disease, drug interactions, genetics, and __________. | Nutrition |
| What does elimination result in? | removal of the drug from the body and discontinuation of drug action. |
| What organ function is a factor in elimination? | Kidneys |
| What refers to the time it takes for 50% of the drug to be cleared from the bloodstream? | Elimination half-life (T1/2) |
| What is the extent to which a drug is absorbed and distributed to the site of action? | Bioavailibility |
| What may be different in a pharmaceutical alternative? | Strength and Dose |
| In solution. what do weak acids release? | Proton (H+) and negatively charged anion (A-) |
| What drugs enter the cells through aqueous channels? | Caffeine, Ascorbic acid, Niacin and Ephedrine |
| When are weakly basic drugs more ionized? | In acidic solutions |
| What is the measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is? | pH |
| When is diffusion across the cell membrane greatest? | When the drug is lipid soluble and nonionized. |
| Where is absorption greatest? | Areas of the body that have good blood supply |
| What organ in the absorption of orally administered drugs best? | Small intestine |
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