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Unit 4:Modules 16-21
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | Stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory info to the C.N.S (automatic) |
| Perception | How we recognize, interpret, and organize our sensations (making sense of our sensory impressions) |
| Bottom-Up processing | Recognize an object by its component parts; relies on sensory receptors |
| Top-Down Processing | Identify by brain recognition; relies on prior experience (faster but not always accurate) |
| Filter theories | Pass through at higher level than our receptors to get attention |
| Attentional resource theories | Only a fixed amount of attention divided up as required in a situation |
| Inattentional blindness | Fail to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere |
| Change blindness | Failing to notice changes in the environment |
| Absolute threshold | Minimum intensity to produce a sensation (50% of the time) |
| Difference threshold | Noticeable change in a stimulus (50% of the time) |
| Weberâs law | Greater the stimulus the larger the difference must be to be noticed |
| Sensory adaptation | Unconscious temporary change to environmental stimuli; automatic process in our senses |
| Habituation | Process by which we become accustomed to stimuli |
| Dishabituation | Change in the stimulus at our change in awareness causes us to notice it again |
| Receptive field | Area from which our receptor cells receive input |
| Transduction | Input converted into electrochemical form of communication used by nervous system |
| Sensory coding | Process by which receptors convey a range of info to the brain |
| Singe-cell recording | The measuring of firing rate and pattern of receptor cells in response to varying sensory input |
| Sensory input | How many fire/rate of firing/pattern of firing |
| Signal detection theory | Method of distinguishing sensory stimuli taking into account not only strengths but also elements like setting, physical state, mood, motivation, attitudes and experience |
| Perceptual set | Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| Distal stimulus | Object as it exists in the environment |
| Proximal stimulus | Object as an image on the retina |
| Cornea | Protective cover |
| Iris/ pupil | Controls amount of light |
| Lens | Focuses light on retina |
| Retina | Contains receptor and other cells |
| Receptor cells | Neurons that do transduction |
| Rods | Brightness of light |
| Cones | Color |
| Fovea | Center of eye/greatest density of receptors |
| Bipolar cells | Specialized neurons connected to photoreceptors |
| Ganglion cells | Connected to bipolar cells; axons join together to form optic nerve (blind spot) |
| Feature detectors | Specialized brain cells respond to particular elements in visual field |
| Hue | Wavelengths/colors |
| Saturation | Vividness/ richness of a color (hue) |
| Brightness | Strength of the light |
| Afterimage | Complimentary color |
| Young-hermholtz theory | Cones are activated by light waves of blue, red, and green |
| Opponent process theory | Cells operate antagonistically black/white; red/green; blue/yellow |
| Dichromats | People who commit distinguish along color continuumâs |
| Momochromats | See only in shades of black & white |
| Closure | Tendency to perceive a complete or whole figure even where there are gaps in what your senses tell you |
| Figure-ground perception | Perception of figured against a background |
| Proximity | Tendency to group together visual and auditory events that are near each other |
| Similarity | Tendency to group together elements that seem alike |
| Continuity | Tendency to group stimuli into continuous patterns |
| Symmetry | The tendency to see a mirror or balanced image |
| Common fate | Tendency to perceive objects that are moving together as being together |
| Law of pragnanz | Minimum tendency; to see objects in their simplest form |
| Depth perception | Depth is the distance away; how far or close a stimulus is to you |
| Monocular cues | At least one eye to be perceived |
| Linear perspective | Tendency to see parallel lines as converging gets as they move away (vanishing point) |
| Clearness | Nearby objects clearer/more detailed |
| Aerial perspective | Atmospheric moisture and dust obscure farther objects more than closer ones |
| Texture | Closer objects are more varied texture than objects far away |
| Overlapping | Nearby objects block the view of more distant objects |
| Shadows and highlights | Light and dark sections create impression of contours and a 3rd dimensio |
| Relative height | Items higher in our field of vision perceived as farther away |
| Motion parallax | Tendency of objects to seem to move more (closer) or less (father) depending on how far way they are from the viewer |
| Binocular cues | Both eyes required to be perceived |
| Retinal disparity | Difference of the images on the retina of each eye |
| Stereopsis | 3-D image from brain combining the images on our retinas |
| Convergence | Eyes turn slightly inward to focus on nearby objects; Detect muscle movement |
| Perceptual Constancies | Perceive objects as stable and unchanging even with changes in sensory stimulation |
| Motion detection | Changing position on retina; movement of head; eyes |
| Autokinetic effect | Still light appears to move in darkness |
| Stroboscopic effect | Rapid sequence of images not moving; âmotionâ pictures |
| Phi phenomenon | Appearance of movement (message with light induced motion) |
| Pitch | High/Low |
| Loudness | Height in waves; measured in decibels( 0 = threshold/pllo) |
| Over tones | Multiples of the basic tone |
| Timbre | Complex pattern of overtones (texture of sound) |
| Process of hearing | 1: tympanic movement (eardrum vibrates to waves) 2: ossicles (malles/incus/stapes) middle ear 3 bones vibrate) |
| conductive deafness | Problems transmitting sound to cochlea |
| Sensorineural | Damage to hair cells in cochlea |
| Perceptive deafness | Impairment of structures from cochlea to auditory cortex |
| Place | Hair cells respond to different frequencies based on location in the cochlea (higher tones) |
| frequency | Hair cells fire at different rates(frequencies) in cochlea (low tones) |
| Volley principle | Neurons fire in the sequence; more rapid impulses (adds to frequency theory for higher sounds) |
| Monaural | Loudness of sound and changes related distance and direction |
| Binaural | Difference of sound perceived by two ears a cue to direction |
| Smell (olfaction) | Gas molecules (chemicals) detected by receptor neurons |
| Pheromones | Communicating chemicals influence behavior (vomersonsal organ) |
| Papillae | Bumps on tongue contain taste buds (specialized receptor neurons) |
| Flavor of food | -sweet, salty, sour, bitter - odor, temperature & food |
| Skin | -pressure and movement (myelinated) -pain and temperature (unmyelinated) -warm and cold fibers |
| Nociceptors | Sensory receptors that detect hurtful elements |
| Gate control theory | Neurological gate controls pain messages to brain related to sensory fibers (large/small) |
| Biopsychosocial theory | 3 factors influence intensity and duration of pain (genetics; experience; beliefs; motivation; personality) |
| Vestibular | -balance -orientation in space (up/down) - in inner ear (semicircular canals; vestibular sacs) |
| Kinesthesis | Location and position of body parts; muscle movement and posture |
| Stretch receptors | Attached to muscles |
| Golgi tendon organs | Attach to tendons |
Created by:
Mialobito
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