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Pharmacology
Unit #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Diabetes | A complex disorder that affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat embolism |
| Diabetes Mellitus | A of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism that lead to microvascular, macrovascular,and neuropathic complications. |
| Type 1 | insulin-dependent, is present in 5% to 10% of the diabetic population. , complete lack of endogenous insulin production, needs exogenous insulin |
| type 1 | occurs more frequently in juveniles, ts caused by an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas The onset of this form of diabetes usually has a rapid progression symptoms (a few days to a few weeks) |
| Type 2 | Most common 90% of all cases, caused by insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and increased glucose production by the liver, |
| Gestational Diabetes | Hyperglycemia develops during pregnancy, insulin may be needed, usually subsides after delivery, 30% of patients develop TYPE 2 DM within 5-10 years |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Elevated fasting blood glucose (<126 mg/dL), A1c >6.5, |
| DM signs and symptoms | Polyuria, Polydipisia,Polyphagia, frequent infections, unexplained wt. loss ketoacidosis, irritability |
| Major Long-Term Complications of DM | Macrovascular and Microvascular |
| Macrovascular (Atherosclerotic Plaque) | Coronary arteries, Cerebral arteries, Peripheral arteries Stroke, MI, and peripheral vascular disease account for 75%to 80% of mortality in patients with diabetes |
| Microvascular (Capillary Damage) | Retinopathy, Neuropathy, Nephropathy, those that arise from destruction of capillaries in the eyes, kidneys, and peripheral tissues. |
| type 2 diabetes treatment | Lifestyle changes, wt. loss, improved dietary habits, smoking cessation, reduced ETOH consumption, regular exercise, oral drug therapy, and insulin |
| type 1 diabetes treatment | Insulin therapy |
| Screening for DM | Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels > or equal to 100 mg/dL but< 126 mg/dL may indicate prediabetes, Impaired glucose tolerance test (oral glucose challenge), Screening recommended every 3 yrs. for all patients 45 yrs and older. |
| Antidiabetic Drugs | Insulin and Oral hypoglycemic drugs |
| Insulin | functions as a substitute for endogenous hormones, effects are the same as normal endogenous insulin, Restores diabetic patients ability to: metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, Stores glucose in the liver, Convert glycogen to fat stores |
| Rapid acting insulin | Most rapid onset of action (5 to 15 minutes) shorter duration, patient must eat a meal after injection, insulin lispro-give Subcut, similar action to endogenous insulin, insulin aspart-may be given subcut or IV, Insulin glulisine-may be give IV for uncont |
| Short acting Insulin | regular insulin(Humulin R), onset 30-60 minutes, Peak 2.5-5 hrs, duration 5-10 hrs, may be given Subcut, IV, IM |
| Intermediate acting Insulin | NPH Isophane insulin suspension , cloudy apperance,slower onset and more prolongeed in duration than endogenous insulin Onset 1-2 hrs, Peak 4-12 hrs, Duration 16-28 hrs |
| Long acting Insulin | Glargine, detemir , clear colorless, referred to as basal insulin, Onset 1.1 hrs, No Peak, Duration up to 24 hrs |
| Oral Antidiabetic Drug (Metformin) Mechanism of Action | Decrease production of glucose by liver, decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, increase uptake of glucose by tissues, Does not increase insulin secreetion from pancreas (does not cause hypoglycemia) |
| Oral Antidiabetic Drug ( Mechanism of Action |
Created by:
cwalker75
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