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A&P Midterm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes up compact bone? | Haversian Systems |
| Where are osteocytes located in compact bone? | Lacunae |
| What material is compact bone covered by? | Periosteum |
| What are the four functions of bone? | 1 support/protect soft tissues 2 allow movement 3 produce blood cells 4 store calcium, phosphorus, and other salts |
| What interconnecting spaces make up cancellous bone? | Trabeculae |
| What are the key pros and cons of cancellous bone? | Pro: it's lightweight Con: it's less strong and stable than compact bone |
| What are you two major types of ossification? | Intermembranous and Intracartilaginous (AKA endochondral) |
| What do bones develop from in intermembranous ossification? Where does this occur? | From fibrous membranes, in utero |
| What do bone develop from in intracartilaginous ossification? | Hyaline cartilage |
| What and where are you two ossification centers? | Primary: in the diaphysis, appears before birth Secondary: in the epiphyseal plate, appears after birth |
| Name the 5 bone classifications | Long, short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular |
| What are the functional joint classifications? | 1 Synarthrosis (immovable) 2 Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) 3 Diarthrodial (freely movable) |
| What are the structural joint classifications? | 1 Fibrous 2 Cartilaginous 3 Synovial |
| Which joint type contains a joint cavity? | Synovial |
| Which joint type is considered the strongest? | Fibrous |
| Which joint type is the most common in the human body? | Synovial |
| Why does the synovial membrane secrete a fluid? | Lubrication and nutrient diffusion |
| What movement type do the IP joints have? | Hinge/ginglymus |
| What movement type do the MCP joints have? | Condylar/ellipsoid |
| What movement type do the 2nd-5th CMC joints have? | Plane/gliding |
| What movement type do the 1st CMC joints have? | Saddle/sellar |
| What movement type do the intercarpal joints have? | Plane/gliding |
| What movement type do the radiocarpal joints have? | Condylar/ellipsoid |
| What movement type do the radioulnar joints have? | Pivot/trochoid |
| What movement type do the humeroulnar and humeroradial (elbow) joints have? | Hinge/ginglymus |
| What movement type do the scapulohumeral (shoulder) joints have? | Ball and socket/spheroid |
| What movement type do the joints of either side of the clavicle have? | Plane/gliding |
| What are the two manifestation types? | Signs (which are measurable) and symptoms (which are subjectively experienced by the patient) |
| Define prognosis | The predicted course and outcome of a given disease |
| List the six disease classifications | 1 Inflammation/Infectious 2 Neoplasms 3 Congenital/Hereditary 4 Metabolic 5 Degenerative 6 Traumatic |
| What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation? | Heat (calor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function |
| What key cell type is involved with tissue repair? What does it produce? | Fibrinogen, produces granulation tissue |
| What are the two types of neoplasms? | Benign and malignant |
| What's the difference between congenital and hereditary diseases? | Congenital: present at birth, resulting from influence of genetic or environmental factors while in utero Hereditary: present at birth, genetically transmitted in DNA |
| What are metabolic diseases? | Disturbances in the normal physiologic functions (physical and chemical) of the body |
| Does ionizing radiation fit into a disease category? What about frostbite? If yes for either, which category? | Yes, both are considered traumatic diseases |
| Name the normal sesamoid variant located posteriorly to the knee joint | Flabella |
| What is it called when the posterior process of the talus ossifies separately? | Os trigonum |
| Are all joints of the upper limb synovial? If no, which are different? | Yes, all synovial |
| Are all joints of the upper limb diarthrodial? If no, which are different? | Yes, all diarthrodial |
| Are all joints of the lower limb synovial? If no, which are different? | No. Distal tibiofibular joint is fibrous, pubic symphysis is cartilaginous, and union of acetabulum is cartilaginous |
| Are all joints of the lower limb diarthrodial? If no, which are different? | No. Distal tibiofibular joint is amphiarthrodial, sacroiliac joint is amphiarthrodial, pubic symphysis is amphiarthrodial, and the union of acetabulum is synarthrodial |
| What movement type do the MTP joints have? | Condylar |
| What movement type do the intertarsal joints have? | Plane/gliding |
| What movement type do the ankle joints have? | Saddle/sellar |
| What movement type do the proximal tibiofibular joints have? | Plane/gliding |
| What movement type do the femorotibial joints have? | Bicondylar |
| What movement type do the patellofemoral joints have? | Saddle/sellar |
| What movement type do the hip joints have? | Ball and socket/spheroid |
| What does the arcuate line make up half of? | The pelvic brim |
| On what anatomy does the sacroiliac joint lie? | The auricular surface of the innominate bone |
| What components make up the acetabulum? | Ilium, ischium, and pubis |
| What components make up the obturator foramen? | Ischium and pubis |
| What bony process do we sit on? | The ischial tuberosities of our innominate bones |
| How long does it take all carpal bones of the wrist to ossify? | 10 years |
| What are the first two carpal bones to ossify | 1 Capitate 2 Hamate |
| What are the last two carpal bones to ossify? | 7 Trapezoid 8 Pisiform |
| Can you tell a young child's age by the number of tarsal bones they have? | No, only works with carpal bones |
| What three components make up the true pelvis? | Pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet, and pelvic cavity |
| How does the pubic angle vary between males and female? | <90° for males >90° for females |
| ORIF is an acronym which stands for... | Open Reduction with Internal Fixation |
| When would closed reduction be used on fractures? | On simple/closed fractures in which the bone can be realigned and immobilized through the skin without surgical intervention |
| What procedure would be used to install screws or wires? | ORIF |
| What's another name for closed reduction? | External fixation |
| What is an oblique fracture? | A complete fracture which goes across the bone width at a 45° angle |
| What is a transverse fracture? | A complete fracture which goes straight across the bone width |
| Which three fracture classifications are seen exclusively in children? | Greenstick, torus, and epiphyseal plate fractures |
| What's the type of fracture in which a tendon or ligament tears off a piece of bone? | Avulsion |
| What are the two main causes of compression fractures? | Osteoporosis and trauma |
| Where are the two locations you tend to see depressed fractures? | Skull and tibia plateaus |
| What is a segmental fracture? | A fracture in which the proximal and distal ends of a piece of bone have both undergone complete fractures and displacement |
| What is the name for a fracture which results in two or more bone fragments? | Comminuted |
| What type of fracture displaces a triangular piece of bone? | Butterfly |
| What type of fracture extends parallel to the long axis of a bone and causes displacement? | Longitudinal |
| Another name for bimalleolar fractures? | Pott's |
| Describe a trimalleolar fracture | Fractures of the medial malleolus, lateral malleolus OR distal fibula, and posterior aspect of tibia... Results in anterior displacement of the foot |
| What pressure increased in blow out fractures? What does this cause? | Intraorbital pressure increases, pushing fluid and fat down into the sinus cavity |
| What do fractures look like on an x-ray? | Radiolucent lines |
| Describe a boxers fracture | Fracture in the neck of the 5th metacarpal with palmar/anterior angulation |
| Describe a Bennett's fracture and common complications | Fracture at the base of the 1st metacarpal, entering the joint space. Complicated by subluxation or dislocation |
| What does FOOSH stand for? What's a FOOSH fracture and what displacement does it have? | "Fall on outstretched hand", called a Colle's fracture. Distal radius is displaced posteriorly |
| What's the opposite of a FOOSH fracture? | Smith's fracture, in which the distal radius is displaced anteriorly |
| What is a fracture of the proximal femur that is less common than that of the femoral neck? What causes it? | Intertrochanteric, caused by extreme power and high impact |
| What's the healing potential for intertrochanteric fractures? | Good because of blood supply to cancallous bone |
| What's the name of the fracture where damage is incurred contralaterally to point of impact? Where does it occur? | Contracoup. Occurs most commonly in mandible and tibia |
| Give two alternative names for stress fractures | March fractures, fatigue fractures |
| What classification system is used for epiphyseal fractures? | Salter-Harris |
| How many types are in the Salter-Harris classification system? Which is the worst? Which is the best? | Five. Type 4 (fracture through the epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, and metaphysis) is the worst, type 1 (fracture of the epiphyseal plate) is the best |
| What is the most common elbow fracture in children? | Supracondylar |
| What is an indicator of elbow trauma? | Posterior fat pad displacement and visualization |
| What are the two necessary component of a Monteggia's fracture? | Fracture in the proximal half of the ulna, and dislocation of the radial head |
| Which vertebra are affected by a Hangman's fracture? | Fracture occurs in pedicle of C2, however C2 or C3 may also be displaced via subluxation or dislocation |
| Where are the four most common areas to be fractured in abused children? | Ribs, shoulders ("corner fractures"), diaphyses, and skull |
| What's the condition that indicated non-accidental child trauma? | Battered-Child Syndrome |
| In fracture healing, what plugs the gap between bone fragments? | Hematoma |
| In the initial stage of fracture healing, what is formed? | Procallus, generated by new capillaries |
| What replaces the procallus in the first three weeks of fracture healing? What is key in its production? | Fibrocartilaginous callus, chondroblasts required to produce their fibrocartilage |
| What produces new trabeculae in healing fractures? | Osteoblasts from neighbouring bones |
| What remodel compact and cancellous bone? | Osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| How long does it take for fractured bone to heal enirely and resemble normal bone again? | 3-4 months |
Created by:
Ewood61
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