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Module 22
Effects of Biology and Cognition, and Learning by Observation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is learning best defined? | a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience |
| Cognitive processes are important in what kind of conditioning? | both classical and operant conditioning |
| In Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate what? | taste with sickness |
| Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ____ learning. the researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____. | observational; Bandura |
| Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrates that an important factor in conditioning is what? | the predictability of an association |
| Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______ and are believed by some scientists to be the neural basis for _____. | frontal lobe; observational learning |
| What is a cognitive map? | a mental representation of one's environment |
| What is latent learning? | learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| What is intrinsic motivation? | the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake, rather than for some external reason |
| What is extrinsic motivation? | the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. |
| What is modeling? | the process of watching and then imitating a specific behavior and is thus an important means through which observational learning occurs |
| What are mirror neurons? | may be the neural basis for observational learning, they generate impulses when certain actions are performed or when another individual who performs those actions is observed |
| What is prosocial behavior? | it is positive, helpful, and constructive and is subject to the same principles of observational learning as antisocial behavior |
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