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Module 22

Effects of Biology and Cognition, and Learning by Observation

QuestionAnswer
How is learning best defined? a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience
Cognitive processes are important in what kind of conditioning? both classical and operant conditioning
In Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate what? taste with sickness
Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ____ learning. the researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____. observational; Bandura
Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrates that an important factor in conditioning is what? the predictability of an association
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______ and are believed by some scientists to be the neural basis for _____. frontal lobe; observational learning
What is a cognitive map? a mental representation of one's environment
What is latent learning? learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it
What is intrinsic motivation? the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake, rather than for some external reason
What is extrinsic motivation? the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
What is modeling? the process of watching and then imitating a specific behavior and is thus an important means through which observational learning occurs
What are mirror neurons? may be the neural basis for observational learning, they generate impulses when certain actions are performed or when another individual who performs those actions is observed
What is prosocial behavior? it is positive, helpful, and constructive and is subject to the same principles of observational learning as antisocial behavior
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