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Module 21
Operant Conditioning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| learning | the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
| associative learning | Organisms learn that certain events occur together. Two variations of associative learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. |
| stimulus | any situation or event that evokes a response |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| law of effect | behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to recur and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber | another name for the Skinner box |
| reinforcement | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior |
| positive reinforcement | strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that rsponse |
| primary reinforcers | are inborn and do not depend on learning |
| conditioned reinforcers | stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers |
| secondary reinforcers | another name for conditioned reinforcers |
| reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| continuous reinforcement | the operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | the operant procedure of reinforcing a response intermittently which makes the behavior more resistant to extinction |
| fixed-ratio schedule | one in which reinforcement is presented after a set number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | one in which reinforcement is presented after a varying number of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | one in which a response is reinforced after a specified time has elapsed |
| variable-interval schedule | one in which responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time |
| punishment | the presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as shock, which decreases the behavior it follows |
| respondent behavior | that which occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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