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Psych: Chapter 6/7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| memory | learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information |
| encoding | processing of information into the memory system |
| storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| retrieval | process of getting information out of memory |
| sensory memory | immediate initial recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly (7 seconds) |
| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| working memory | focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information--actively processing new memories |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve |
| effortful processing | requires attention and conscious effort |
| implicit memory | retaining learning skills or classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information |
| chunking | organize information into similar parts --occurs automatically --acronyms |
| mnemonics | memory aids/especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| spacing effect | distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice (cramming) |
| testing effect | repeated self-testing to assess what you know individually |
| hippocampus | a neutral center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| recall | memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier (fill in the blank test) |
| recognition | memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned (multiple choice test) |
| relearning | memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time |
| retrieval cue | any stimulus linked to a specific memory |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| learning | relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to an experience |
| associative learning | learning that 2 events occur together --response and its consequence |
| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response |
| cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which we learn to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| neutral stimulus (NS) | in classical conditioning a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning |
| unconditioned response (UR) | in classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditional stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| acquisition | in classical conditioning the initial stage when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response |
| extinction | in classical conditioning the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response |
| generalization | in classical conditioning the tendency after conditioning to respond similarly to stimuli that resembles the conditioned stimulus |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| reinforcement | in operant conditioning and event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior |
| positive reinforcement | increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. a __________ is anything that when presented after a response strengthens that response |
| negative reinforcement | increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. a ________is anything that when removed after a response strengthens the response |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior it follows |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
| cognitive map | a mental image of the layout of one's environment |
| latent learning | learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid punishment |
| observational learning | learning by observing others |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | neuron that fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those actions; neural basis for imitation and observational learning |
| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior |
| antisocial behavior | negative, non helpful behavior. disregard for other people |
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19grosmck
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