Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
pharm test 2 resp
Antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, bla bla bla lilk8tob
| Drug | Info |
|---|---|
| Most common colds result from a : | viral infection (rhinovirus or influenza virus) |
| Functions of histamine: | dilation of capillaries & increased permeability -> lower BP, contraction of smooth muscles, acceleration of HR |
| H1 receptors | mediate smooth muscle contraction & dilation of capillaries |
| H2 receptors | mediate the acceleration of the HR and gastric acid secretion |
| Antihistamines: | compete w/ histamine for unoccupied receptors- can't knock histamine off receptors, so it is best to take med early in histamine-mediated rxn |
| adverse consequences of histamine binding: | vasodilation, increased cap. permeability w/ resultant edema |
| Antihistamines- therapeutic uses | anticholinergic effects- reduce nasal, salivary, and lacrimal gland hypersecretion; in skin: reduce cap. permeablilty, and itching |
| nonsedating vs sedating- nonsedating work | peripherally to block the actions of histamine & therefore do not have CNS effect (don't cross BBB) |
| Loratidine (Claritin) drug class: | antihistamines |
| Cetirzine (Zyrtec) drug class: | antihistamines |
| diphenhydramine (Benadryl) drug class | antihistamines |
| Loratidine (Claritin) sedating? | nonsedating, take 1x/day, for seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| Cetirzine (Zyrtec) sedating? | nonsedating (unless at high doses), take 1x/day, for seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| diphenhydramine (Benadryl) sedating? | is sedating, works peripherally and centrally; potent anticholinergic effects |
| Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) uses: | hives, motion sickness, PD, sleep aid |
| Which group of nasal decongestants is rarely used? | anti-cholinergic because you get systemic absorption- urinary retention, dry mouth.. |
| advantage of oral nasal decongestants | prolonged effects, no rebound congestion; BUT: delayed onset & effects less potent |
| Pro/Con topical nasal decongestants | prompt onset, BUT: rebound congestion after prolonged use |
| inhaled intranasal steroids & anticholinergic nasal decongestants | not much rebound congestion, often used prophylactically |
| MOA: decongestants (adrenergic) | shrink engorged nasal mucous membranes by constricting the small arterioles that supply the structures of the upp. resp tract |
| SNS stimulation produces: | increased HR, vasoconstriction, low GI/GU, bronchodilation |
| Decongestant SE | nervousness, insomnia, palpitations, tremor |
| Antitussives- purpose | suppress cough |
| Antitussives- opiates & dextromethorphan work by: | suppressing the cough reflex through a direct action on the cough center (medulla) |
| Nonopioid antitussives work by: | suppressing cough reflex by anesthetizing (numbing) the stretch receptor cells in the respiratory tract |
| Dextromethorphan (Vicks formula 44, Delysm) drug class: | antitussives |
| Dextromethorphan (Vicks) info: | nonopioid, nonaddicting, no CNS depression, works directly on medulla cough center |
| Expectorants - purpose | aid in coughing up & spitting out mucus (yummy) |
| Guaifenesin (Robitussin, Humabid) drug class: | expectorants |
| Guaifenesin (Robitussin, Humabid) drug facts: | thins difficult to cough up mucus in the resp. tract. 1/2life=1 hour, SE: N/V, GI irritation |
| When on expectorants, you should: | drink more fluid to loosen and liquefy secretions |
| H1 blockers: review | prevent harmful effects of histamine & are used to treat seasonal allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis, reaction to insect bites... |
| H2 blockers: review | used to treat gastric acid disorders |
| Nonsedating antihistamines cause: | dry mouth |
| define chronic bronchitis | continuous inflammation of the bronchi |
| define emphysema | air spaces enlarge as a result of the destruction of the alveolar walls (surface where O2 and CO2 exchange takes place is reduced) |
| The two classes of bronchodilators: | xanthine derivatives, beta-agonists |
| xanthine derivatives- used for | prevention of asthmatic symptoms (have slow onset of action, so not used for acute attack) |
| xanthine derivatives- drug effects | cause bronchodilation by increasing CAMP levels |
| xanthine derivatives- "trophic effects" | positive inotrope and positive chronotrope - increases blood flow to the kidneys -> diuretic effect |
| SE of xanthines | N/V, GE reflux during sleep, sinus tachycardia, palpitations, dysrhythmias, increased urinatino, hyperglycemia |
| Therapeutic ranges of xanthines - where metabolized? | 10 to 20 mcg/ml - liver |
| Theophylline (Theo-Dur, Slo-Bid) drug class | xanthines |
| Theophylline (Theo-Dur, Slo-Bid) used for; | treatment of chronic resp. disorders |
| Beta-2 adrenergic agonists- used when? | during the acute phase of an asthma attack |
| when a beta-2 adrenergic receptor is stimulated, _______ (enzyme needed to make cAMP) is activated | adenylate cyclase |
| Increased levels of cAMP made available by beta-2 adrenergics cause: | bronchial smooth muscles to relax, which results in increased airflow |
| beta-2 specific drug effects: | dilating effect on the peripheral vasculature- decreases BP, temporary decrease in serum K+ |
| beta-1 receptor stimulation causes: | increased HR & force of contraction |
| When on Beta-2 adrenergics, do not also take: | MAOI's or other sympathomimetics |
| Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) drug class: | beta-adrenergic; beta2 specific |
| Albuterol used most for: | treatment of acute attacks of asthma, can also be used to prevent attacks |
| Albuterol side effects: | Nausea, anxiety, palpitations, increased HR, tremors |
| Epinephrine (Adrenaline) drug class: | beta-adrenergic (alpha-beta agonist) |
| Epinephrine's beta2 stimulating effect: | bronchodilation |
| Epinephrine (adrenaline)'s alpha 1 effect | constriction of mucous membranes = nasal decongestant |
| Ipratropium bromide - drug class: | anticholinergics |
| ipratropium bromide- uses | actions slow & prolonged, so not for acute asthma, but for COPD |
| ipratropium bromide SE: | dry mouth, GI distress, headache, coughing, anxiety |
| What are leukotrienes (LTs) | produced in response to an allergen- in asthma, cause inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production |
| What do antileukotriene agents do? | Prevent LT's from attaching to receptors located on circulating cells & cells w/in lungs (blocks inflammation) |
| antileukotriene drug effects | prevent smooth muscle contraction of the bronchial airways, decrease mucus |
| antileukotriene therapeutic uses | prophylaxis & chronic treatment of asthma (not for acute attacks) |
| antileukotriene agents- improvement in: | 1 week |
| antileukotriene SE: | HA, nausea, dizziness, insomnia, diarrhea |
| antileukotriene- should monitor what? | liver enzymes |
| Montelukast (Singulair) drug class: | antileukotrienes |
| Corticosteroids- used for | antiinflammatory effects, which lead to decreased airway obstruction |
| advantage of inhaled corticosteroids | action is limited to the topical site of action- lungs; prevents systemic effects |
| Mechanism of action- corticosteroids | reduce inflammation, enhance activity of beta-agonists |
| Corticosteroids- SE: | pharyngeal irritation, coughing, dry mouth, oral fungal infections |
| Beclomethasone diproprionate (Beclovent, Vanceril) drug class: | Corticosteroids |
| Beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent, Vanceril) drug facts: | oral inhalation, long term control, topical activity |
| Mast cell stabilizers are used: | as adjuncts to the overall management of patients w/ asthma- for prophylaxis only |
| Mast cell stabilizers are ____acting because | indirect- prevent the release of the intracellular chem. mediators that cause bronchospasm (don't block receptors) |
| Do mast cell stabilizers have bronchodilator activity? | Nope, so are only used prophylactically |
| Mast cell stabilizers are more effective in preventing asthma caused by: | extrinsic factors such as allergens |
| Mast cell stabilizers SE: | coughing, sore throat, rhinitis, bronchospasm, taste change, HA |
| Long or short term control: anticholinergics (ipratropium bromide) | Long term |
| Long or short term control: antileukotriene (Montelukast- Singulair) | long term |
| Long or short term control: corticosteroids (Beclovent) | long term |
| Long or short term control: Mast cell stabilizers | long term |
| Long or short term control: systemic steroids | quick relief |
| beta2 adrenergic (Albuterol) | quick relief |
Created by:
lilk8tob
Popular Pharmacology sets