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psych U3M9
Neural anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurons | Indiv. cells that send and receive messages |
| Nerves | bundled strands of interconnected axons of neurons |
| afferents | nerves sending info to the spinal cord (sensory nerves) |
| efferents | nerves sending info from the spinal cord (motor) |
| dendrite | has synaptic connections with other neurons (receives messages) |
| cell body | provides fuel and chemicals; analyzes input from other neurons. |
| axon | extends from the cell body to the terminal buttons (passages messages) |
| axon terminals/terminal buttons | forms junctions with other cells/releases neurotransmitters |
| 2 functions of the myelin sheath and appearance | to insulate axons and speed axon's impulses; covers the axon |
| glial cells | holds neurons in place; nourishes and removes waste (makes up the myelin sheath) |
| resting potential | polarization; small negative electrical charge in the membrane |
| action potential | a neural impulse/depolarization (in action) positive electrical charge travels down an axon |
| all or nothing law | neurons either react or they don't |
| absolute refractory period | a period after firing when a neuron will not fire again |
| relative refractory period | a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual. |
| what causes a threshold of excitation? | excitatory signals must be stronger than inhibitory signals, energy/messages from other neurons link to a neuron |
| synaptic space | the gap between the axon terminal and the dendrites between neurons |
| receptor sites | on the receptor of a neuron; receives neurotransmitters |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neurons. |
| acetylcholine | motor movement and memory (alzheimers) |
| serotonin | mood control (depression); lack of sleep/dreaming |
| dopamine | influences movement, learning, pleasure (lack of: parkinson's, excess: schizophrenia) |
| endrophins | has molecules similar to morphine that are linked to pain control and addictions. (the one that the agonist tries to mimic) |
| norepinephrine | controls arousal, wakefulness |
| gaba | a major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| glutamate | a major excitatory neurotransmitter |
| agonists | mimics effect of neurotransmitter |
| antagonists | blocks functioning of neurotransmitter |
| what happens to neurotransmitters after they do their job | reabsorbed, recycled, or disposed |
| Graded potential | temporary shift in the electrical charge caused by incoming messages |
| ions | electrically charged particles |
| where do the positive and negative ions stand | + ions go outside the cell membrane, - ions are inside cell membrane |
| synaptic vesicles | oval sacs on axon terminals containing nerotransmitters |
| what is the threshold for neurons to fire? | -60 to -65 m.u |
Created by:
allyson.lee
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