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Pharmacology Mod A
for studying
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Drug Therapy | treatment with drugs |
| Diet Therapy | treatment with diet (ex. low salt diet) |
| Physiotherapy | treatment with natural physical forces |
| Psychological Therapy | the identification of stressors and methods that can be used to reduce or eliminate stress |
| Chemical Name | chemist; chemical constitution of the drug |
| Generic Name | simpler, used in any country; 1st letter not caps |
| Brand Name | followed by @ name is registered and that the us name is restricted to the owner of the drug |
| Schedule I Drugs | - very high potential for abuse - not currently accepted for medical use in the US - lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision (EX: LSD, peyote, heroin, hashish) |
| Schedule II Drugs | - high potential for abuse - currently accepted for medical use in the US - abuse potential that may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence (EX: amphetamines, morphine, Vicodin, methadone, percadone, ridilin, Adderall) |
| Schedule III Drugs | - high potential for abuse but less than drugs in Schedule I & II - currently accepted for medical use in the US - abuse potential that may lead to moderate/ low physical dependence or high psychological dependence - prescription outdates in 6 mo. and |
| Schedule IV Drugs | - low potential for abuse compared w/ drugs in Schedule III - current accepted for medical use in the US - abuse potential that may lead to limited physical/psychological dependence compared w/ Schedule III - prescription outdates in 6 mo. , no more th |
| Schedule V Drugs | - low potential for abuse compared w/ drugs in Schedule IV - currently accepted for medical use in the US - abuse potential of limited physical/psychological dependence liability compared w/ drugs in Schedule IV; b/c abuse potential is low a prescriptio |
| Idiosyncratic reaction | when something unusual/abnormal happens when a drug is first administered |
| Allergic Reaction | known as hypersensitivity; when immune system has developed antibodies to the drug |
| 7 Right of Medication | 1. Drug 2. Dose 3. Documentation 4. Route 5. Reason 6. Patient 7. Time |
| Placebo Effect | occurs when a patient believes he/she had a positive response to a drug, even though the patient did not have any chemically active drug |
| Nocebo Effect | occurs when the patient has negative expectations about therapy and the patient believes that a drug is not working |
| Pharmokinetics | what the body does to the drug the study of the mathematic relationships among the ADME features of individual medicines over time |
| Absorption | movement of the drug into the blood stream |
| Bioavailability | what comes out from the liver to be effective |
| Enteral | drug administration directly into the GI tract; oral |
| Parenteral | use of subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injections (IV) |
| Percutaneous | drug absorbed through the skin/mucous membrane (under tongue or topical) |
| Inhalation | inhaled into the lungs; immediately available |
| Nurses are governed by: | - scope of practice - nurse standards act - standards of care - policies and procedures |
| Half-life | Time needed for 1/2 drug to be removed; half then half; 12-6-3; the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body |
| Steady-state | 4-5 half-lifes; drug is removed by elimination |
| Factors that impact drug therapy effectiveness | 1. Dose 2. Route 3. Health status 4. Gender 5. Nutrition/fluid balance 6. Genetics |
| Pharmacotherapies | - treat disease process using drugs - outcome; relieve symptoms; cure disease - contradictions; reasons why you should not use; pregnancy |
| Acute Therapy | short term; strep |
| Maintenance | high blood pressure; managing |
| Supplemental | needed to main; insulin |
| Palliative | comfort care, usually end of life; receiving treatment |
| Supportive | IV needed to balance; vomiting diarrhea |
| Prophylactic | prevention of illness during procedure; ortho, antibiotic given preventively |
| Pharmacognosy (4 major sources for drugs) | - plants - animals - minerals - synthetic |
| If a med error occurs | - go check patient - give assessment - incident report in entirety - be accountable |
| Idosyncratic | not predictable strong reaction pt. cannot metabolize drug |
| TALL MAN LETTERING | to differentiate meds |
| High alert drugs | Similar spelling; can cause harm; similar looks |
| Pharmacology | study of drugs |
| Therapeutic methods | various approaches to therapy |
| Drugs | chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms |
| Prescription Drugs | require an order by a health professional who is licensed to prescribe drugs |
| Nonprescription Drugs | sold w/o a prescription in a pharmacy or in a health section |
| Over the counter drugs (OTC) | sold w/o a prescription in a pharmacy or in a health section |
| Illegal Drugs | "recreational drugs" drugs/chemicals used for a nontherapeutic purpose. NOT approved by the FDA |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study and/or interactions with drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response |
| Agonists | drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response |
| Partial agonists | drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses |
| Antagonists | drugs that attach to a receptor but DO NOT stimulate a response |
| Distribution | refers to ways in which drugs are transported throughout the body by the circulating body fluids to the sites of action or to the receptor that the drug effects |
| Drug blood level | blood test taken to show levels of drugs that are active in the system |
| Metabolism | the process whereby the body inactivates drugs |
| Excretion | -the elimination of drugs, metabolites and in some cases, the drug itself -2 primary sites or routes of excretion are the feces, and renal tubules into the urine |
| Desired action | when a drug enters the patient and is then absorbed and distributed the desired action occurs |
| Side effects | response when a drug affects more than one body system |
| Common adverse effects | same as side effects only mild effects |
| Serious adverse effects | can lead to toxicity |
| Drug interaction | when the action of one drug is altered or changed by the action of another drug and can either increase or decrease the actions of one or both drugs (tetracycline and antacids 3-4 apart) |
| Unbound drug | The fraction of drug in serum that is not bound to a carrier protein or other molecule, which generally is pharmacologically active |
| Additive effect | two drugs with similar actions are taken for an increased effect (hydrocodone + acetaminophen = added analgesic effect) |
| Synergistic effect | the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug given together (aspirin + codeine = much greater analgesic effect) |
| Antagonistic effect | one drug interferes with the action of another (tetracycline + antacid = decreased absorption of the tetracycline) |
| Displacement | the displacement of the first drug from protein binding sites by a second drug increases the activity of the first drug because MORE UNBOUND DRUG IS AVAILABLE (warfarin + valproic acid = increased anticoagulant effect |
| Interference | the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug, thereby causing increased activity of the second drug (probenecid + ampicillin = prolonged antibacterial activity of ampicillin b/c probenecid blocks the renal excretion of ampicillin |
| Incompatibility | the first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, thereby causing denaturation when the drugs are mixed in the same syringe/solution and administered at the same time signs: haziness, formation for a precipitate, or a change in the color o |
| Gender-specific medicine | a developing science that studies differences in the normal function of men and women and addresses how people of each gender perceive and express disease(angina; women will present with nausea, indigestion, and upper back and jaw pain)(men will present w |
| Placebo | a drug dosage that has no pharmacologic activity because the dosage has no active ingredient |
| Tolerance | occurs when a person begins to require a high dosage of a medication to produce the same effects that a lower dosage once provided |
| Drug dependence | also known as addiction/habituation, occurs when a person is unable to control his/her desire for ingestion of drugs |
| Drug accumulation | when a drug accumulates in the body and the next drug is administered before the previously administered dose has been metabolized/excreted. may result in drug toxicity |
| Carcinogenicity | the ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous |
| Hydrolysis | the process that uses water to initiate a chemical reaction |
| Intestinal transit | refers to the speed at which the intestine moves foods, secretions, and other ingested matter along, and this rate varies with age |
| Protein binding | drugs that are relatively insoluble are transported in the circulation by being bound to plasma proteins; especially albumin |
| Drug metabolism | the process whereby the body inactivates medicines controlled by factors like genes, diet, age, health, and the maturity of enzyme systems |
| Metabolites | the products of metabolism and in some cases the active drug itself are eventually secreted from the body |
| Therapeutic drug monitoring | the measurement of a drugs concentration in biologic fluids to correlate the dosage administered and the level of medicine in the body with the pharmacologic response Assay's of blood samples/saliva are tested Essential in neonates, infants, and chi |
| Polypharmacy | changes in advancement in age that causes medications to have to change |
| Teratogens | cause abnormal development of key tissues if they at taken at a certain time during gestation; cause birth defects |
| Genetics | the study of how living organisms inherit the characteristics of traits of heir ancestors, such as hair color, eye color |
| Genome | the complete package of genetic coding of an organism Genome is composed of 23 chromosomes 22 autosomal 1 sex characteristic |
| Polymorphisms | naturally occurring variations in the structures of genes and the instruction that they give to the organism |
| Pharmacogenetics | a unfolding science based on genetics, which is the study of how drug response may vary in accordance w/ inherited differences |
| 3 teaspoons | 1 tablespoon |
| 2 tablespoons | 1 ounce |
| 8 ounces | 1 glass |
| 1000 ml | 1 liter |
| 1000 micrograms | 1 milligram (mg) |
| 1000 milligrams (mg) | 1 gram (g) |
| 1000 grams | 1 kilogram (kg) |
| 5 ml | 1 teaspoon |
| 30 ml | 1 ounce |
| 1 quart | 1 liter |
| 30 g | 1 ounce |
| 2.2 lb | 1 kg |
| 2.54 cm | 1 in |
| Evidence-based practice | the application of data from scientific research to make clinical decisions about the care of individual patients |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | 1906 |
| Harrison Narcotic Act | 1914 |
| Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | 1938 |
| Durham-Humphrey Amendment | 1951 |
| Kefauver-Harris Amendment | 1962 |
| Controlled Substance Act | 1970 |
| Nursing implications LEGAL | liability, negligence, malpractice |
| Nursing implications ETHICAL | acting on behalf of patient w/ their best interest |
| Cognitive Domain | the level at which basic knowledge is learned & stored "thinking" |
| Affective Domain | the feelings & beliefs a patient has about what he/she understands "opinions/values" |
| Psychomotor Domain | involves the learning of a new procedure/skill "doing" |
| Dependent Nursing Action | performed by the nurse on the basis of the healthcare provider's orders (ex: medications/treatments) |
| Interdependent Nursing Action | actions that the nurse implements cooperatively w/ other members of the healthcare team for restoring/maintaining the patient's health |
| Independent Nursing Action | actions that are not prescribed and that a nurse can provide by virtue of the education and licensure that he/she has attained |
| 5 steps of the nursing process | ADPIE Assessement Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation |
| Nursing process | the foundation for the clinical practice of nursing |
| Trough | lowest blood level of medicine |
| Polypharmacy | multidrug therapy |
| Anaphylactic Reaction | patient has a severe, life-threatening reaction that caused respiratory distress or cardiovascular collapse |
| Nursing can have controlled substance in hand only when: | 1. giving to a patient under physician's order 2. the nurse is a patient under physician's order 3. nurse is official custodian of limited supply of controlled substance on a unit/dept. of a hospital |
Created by:
Smccunn
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