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PSYC 3361
Exam 1 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personality | A person’s usual pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts across time or across situations. |
| Extraversion | How outgoing, assertive, and talkative a person is; part of the Big Five personality traits |
| Introversion | How shy and reserved a person is |
| Nature-Nurture Debate | The view that genetics causes personality traits versus the view that the environment causes personality traits |
| Conscientiousness | How neat, organized, and achievement oriented a person is; part of the Big Five personality traits |
| Personality Assessment | The way we measure and capture personality, using a variety of methods |
| Self-Report Measure | Questionnaires asking people to report their own personalities, usually through rating themselves on a list of adjectives or statements |
| Reverse Scored Items | Items scored in the opposite direction from the responses |
| Likert Scale | A range of numbers that correspond to how much someone agrees or disagrees with an item |
| Correlations | The statistical relationship between two variables |
| Statistically Significant | Having a probability of less than 5% that the results are due to random chance |
| Reliability | Consistency, either within a scale or over time |
| Cronbach’s Alpha (Statistical Measurement of Variants) | A statistical measure of internal reliability |
| Validity | When a scale measures what it’s supposed to measure |
| Descriptive Statistics | Numbers such as the mean, median, and mode |
| Mean | The average score on a scale, calculated by adding everyone’s scores and dividing by the number of scores |
| Median | The score that falls in the middle of all the scores on the test; also called the 50th percentile |
| Mode | The most frequent score |
| Normal Distribution | A distribution of scores in which most people score in the middle and fewer score at the extremes; also known as a “bell curve” |
| Standard Deviation | A measure of spread around the mean. In a normal distribution, two-thirds of the data will lie within one standard deviation of the mean |
| Percentile Score | The percentage of people someone scores higher than on a scale or test; a score at the 90th percentile means someone scores higher than 90% of the people who took the scale |
| Informant Reports | When the people close to someone (e.g., roommates, family, friends) report on his or her personality |
| Projective Tests | Measures designed to elicit personality characteristics without directly asking |
| fMRI | Functional magnetic resonance imaging, a type of brain scanning |
| Triangulation | Using different research methods to answer the same question, in order to be more certain of the answer |
| Longitudinal Study | A study that collects data on the same people at more than one time |
| Experiment | A study in which people are randomly assigned to condition |
| Dependent Variable | The outcome the researcher is interested in measuring |
| Meta-Analysis | A study that statistically analyzes the results of many studies on the same topic |
| Define Personality | Personality describes someone’s usual pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts. |
| List various contexts in which personality might appear. | Personality can appear in people’s behaviors, their social networking profiles, their physical appearance and clothing, and their offices and bedrooms. |
| Describe the two sides of the person–situation debate, how the debate was resolved, and the conditions under which personality can best predict behavior. | Psychologists have debated whether the person or the situation better determines behavior. Characteristics of the person explain behavior better when behavior is measured more than once and in several situation |
| Know the major topics in personality psychology. | How it's is measured, Big Five, biological influences, self, motivational learning, psychodynamic approaches, how it changes over the lifespan, how gender and culture affects it, and how it affects relationships, careers, and mental and physical health |
| Explain how personality is assessed using self-report questionnaire | Self-report measures often use Likert scales with reverse-scored items to minimize the effect of the acquiescence response set. Socially desirable responding is a concern. Correlations help us understand the relationship between two variables. |
| Understand how to determine if a scale is reliable and valid | Personality scales must be reliable (giving a consistent answer) and valid (measuring what they are supposed to measure; e.g., predicting relevant behavior or correlating with related measures). |
| Learn how to apply statistics to personality measurement, and define social desirability bias | Compare your score to the mean score of the norm sample. A percentile score tells you what percent of the norm sample scores lower than you. The first scale you took measures the personality trait of social desirability |
| Describe alternative ways of measuring personality and the importance of triangulation. | Informant reports, structured clinical interviews, direct measurements of behave ior, archival or life outcomes data, projective tests, and physiological measures. Obtaining data using more than one of these methods is known as triangulation |
| Explain the correlational and experimental methods, including the advantages and disadvantages of each. | Correlational examine how 2 variables relate to each other; measure naturally occurring variables but cannot determine causation. Experimental can determine causation but cannot always be used because not all variables can be artificially manipulated. |
| Provide examples of the best practices for scientific research. | To get as close as possible to scientific truth, it is best to collect sufficiently large samples, to repli- cate findings, to combine the results from many researchers, and to make data and methods pub- licly available through open practices. |
Created by:
llauhoff
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