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ADV Pro Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Function of the kidneys | filters and removes toxic wastes from blood, eliminates by urine |
| Urography | investigation of the renal drainage or collecting system |
| Antegrade | with the flow Study: IVU=Intravenous Urogram |
| Retrograde | against the flow Study: Pyelography |
| Post void | pee |
| Post evac | poo |
| Cystogram | Retrograde study (nonfunctional) |
| voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) | Retrograde study (funtional) |
| IVU (Intraveneous Urography) aka Excretory Urography | common procedure for urinary system, injection of non-ionic contrast (antegrade study), excretory functional exam to access kidney function |
| What is a true functional test? | contrast media molecules are rapidly removed from the bloodstream and are excreted completely by the normal kidney |
| Purpose of IVU exam | To visualize; minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder. Assess functional ability of kidneys, evaluate urinary system |
| Non-ionic contrast | lower osmolality (still contains iodine), fewer reactions and more expensive, lower risks of affects, widely used today |
| Extravasation | leakage of IV infused medications onto the site around the infusion |
| Anaphalaxis | severe allergic response (systemic reaction) that can be fatal if not treated immediately |
| Dyspnea | difficulty breathing |
| Dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| Medications for contrast reaction | Antihistimine (Benadryl), Epinephrine (Vasopressor) increases BP, Bronchodilator; relaxes smooth muscle of respiratory |
| Compression Bands | slows flow into bladder, ensures filling of renal pelvis and calyces. Do Not use with pt with stones. |
| Cystography | "static" retro grade study. catheter inserted into bladder and is filled slowly with contrast. |
| adult bladder capacity | 500cc |
| AP axial cystogram | 10-15 degree angle to free bladder of superimposition on pubic symphysis |
| VCUG; voiding cystourethrography | funtional study AFTER cystogram. fluro images while pt standing and voiding(peeing) |
| non-voiding image | only catheter seen |
| Nephrotomograms | done to see "blushing"/outlines are sharp, measure pt and divide by 3 to know number of cuts |
| Nephrogram (renal blush) | 1st radiograph taken after injection to show blush of the renal cortex |
| Retrograde urography/pyelography | non-funtional study with pt in surgery or sedated. Ureterocystoscope is inserted through bladder into ureter with tip placed near renal pelvis. contrast is injected into the renal pelvis |
| Why IVU blush and not in retrograde urography? | In IVU contrast is insterted into an IV an goes through the kidneys. Retrograde Urography does not go into kidneys. |
| Renal Angiography | investigates blood vessels of kidneys and suprarenal glands. determines vascularity of lesions or lacerations, thrombi, fx of renal parenchyma. |
| Trauma "Golden Hour" | first 60 min after major trauma has taken place |
| Trimodal Distribution of trauma deaths (3 Critical periods) | 1st= seconds after injury 2nd= first 4 hours after injury. 3rd= weeks after injury |
| 1st critical period | seconds after injury. Immediate death can occur from lacerations of brain and spinal cord, heart and great vessels |
| 2nd Critical Period | first 4 hours after injury. Death results from intracranial hemorrhage, lacerations of the liver and spleen, or significant blood loss. |
| 3rd Critical Period | weeks after injury Death results from infection and multiple organ failure |
| Order of Importance: Priorities (6) | 1 open airway 2 control bleeding 3 prevent/treat shock 4 attend wounds/fractures 5 provide emotional support 6 re-evaluate and follow up |
| Levels of Consciousness (LOC) | 1 Alert and Conscious 2 Drowsy but responsive 3 Unconcious but reactive to painful stimuli 4 Comatose |
| Glabellomeatal line (GML) | From EAM to right above the eyebrows (flat portion) |
| Orbitomeatal line (OML) | From EAM through crease/ corner of eye |
| Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) | From EAM below the eyes |
| Acanthomeatal line (AML) | From EAM to right below nose crease |
| Mentomeatal line (MML) | From EAM to flat portion right above point of chin |
| Mid-coronal line | Vertical straight up and down at EAM |
| Interpupillary line | Horizontal line through the eyes |
| Mid- sagittal line | Vertical line down mid face at nose |
| myelography | radiographic study of the spinal cord and its nerve roots |
| cauda equina | nerve roots resemble a horses tail |
| spinal cord extends from | medulla oblongata to L1-2 (conus medullaris) |
| spinal cord connected to _____ pairs of spinal nerves | 31 |
| meninges inner to outer | pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater (PAD) |
| Where is CSF produced? | choroid plexus in the ventricles |
| "jelly donut" part of disk | annulus fibrous= ring, nucleus pulposus= inside filling |
| fowlers position | head elevated 30-45 degrees |
| most common injection site for myelogram | lumbar region L2-3 or L3-4 |
| contrast used for myelogram | nonionic, water soluble compounds. Isovue or Omnipaque (low toxicity) |
| diskography | exam of individual intervertebral disks to determine reason for back pain |
| laminectomy | surgical procedure to remove portion of lamina to gain access to the spinal column |
| percutaneous vertebroplasty | stabilizes collapsed vertebra using bone cement injected into fracture under fluoro, outpatient |
| kyphoplasty | uses balloon to inflate vertebra then uses bone cement to keep the bone up |
| most common shoulder injury | rotator cuff (tendon) tear |
| Arthogram contrast agents | CT and xray= Isovue or Omnipaque. MRI= Gadolinium |
Created by:
jveliz91
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