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Chapter 3
General anatomy & Radiographic positioning terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four fundamental body planes | Sagittal, Oblique, Horizontal Coronal |
| Sagittal plane | Divides the body into left and right segments |
| Coronal plane | Divides the body into anterior and posterior segments |
| Horizontal plane | Divides the body into superior and inferior segments |
| Oblique plane | Pass through a body at any angle |
| Interilliac plane | transects the pelvis at the top of the illiac crest at the level of 4L |
| Occlusal plane | Formed by the biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed |
| Two body cavities | Thoracic, Abdominopelvic |
| Two Division of the abdomen | Quadrants & Regions |
| Four quadrants of the abdomen | LUQ RUQ LLQ RLQ |
| 9 regions of the abdomen | Epigastric region (epigastrium) Left hypochondrium (LHC) Right hypochondrium (RHC) Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right lumbar region Hypogastric region Right iliac fossa (RIF) Left iliac fossa (LIF |
| Body habitus | Common variation in the shape of the body |
| Habitus affects the locations of | heart, Lungs, Diaphragm, stomach, Colon & Gallblader |
| Four majpr type of Habitus and approximate frequencies | Sthenic 50%, Hyposthenic 35%, Asthenic 10%, Hypersthenic 5% |
| Anatomic position | standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. |
| Anatomy | study of the structure of organisms and their parts |
| Physiology | study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which works within a living system |
| Osteiology | Study of the bones |
| Bone functions | Muscle attachment Mechanical basis for movement Supports body frame Storage for calcium and other salts Production of red ad white blood cells Protection of internal organs |
| C1 | Mastoid tip |
| C2, C3 | Gonion (angle of mandible) |
| C3,C4 | Hyoid bone |
| C5 | Thyroid cartilage |
| C7, T1 | Vertebra prominens |
| T1 | Approximately 2 inches (5 cm) above jugular notch |
| T2,T3 | Jugular notch |
| T4, T5 | Sternal angle |
| T7 | Inferior angles of scapulae |
| T9, T10 | Xiphoid process |
| L2, L3 | Inferior costal margin |
| L4, L5 | Most superior aspect of iliac crests |
| S1, S2 | Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) |
| Coccyx | Greater trochanters (and pubic symphysis) |
| Axial Skeleton | Skull Neck Thorax Vertebral column |
| Neck | Hyoid |
| skull | Cranial 8 Facial 14 Auditory ossicles 6 |
| Thorax | Sternum 1 Ribs 24 |
| Vertebral column | Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacrum 1 Coccyx 1 |
| Appendicular skeleton | Shoulder girdle Upper limbs Lower limbs Pelvic girdle |
| Shoulder girdle | Clavicles 2 Scapulae 2 |
| Upper limbs | Humeri 2 Ulnae 2 Radii 2 Carpals 16 Metacarpals 10 Phalanges 28 |
| Lower limbs | Femora 2 Tibias 2 Fibulae 2 Patellae 2 Tarsals 14 Metatarsals 10 Phalanges 28 |
| Pelvic girdle | Hip bones 2 |
| Layers of bone tissue | Periosteum- Tough fibrous connective tissue Compact bone – strong, dense outer layer Trabeculae – inner spongy layer filled with red and yellow marrow Medullary cavity – central cavity in long bones Endosteum – lining of the medullary cavity |
| Long bones are divided into two portions | Diaphysis Epiphysis |
| Blood vessels and the nerves enter and exit the bone through | the nutrient foramen |
| Two types of ossification | Intermembranous Endochondral |
| Endochondral occurs in | long, short, and irregular bones |
| Two centers of Endochondrial ossification | Primary ossification – occurs primarily in utero Secondary ossification – occurs in the metaphysis and epiphysis portions of immature bone |
| Intermembranous occurs mainly in | flat bones |
| 5 Classification of bones | Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid |
| Long bone found and example | Found only in the limbs Examples: femur, metacarpals, radius |
| Short bone features and example | Consist mostly of cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone Contain red marrow Examples: carpals and tarsals only |
| Flat bone features and example | Consist of two tables of compact bone with an inner layer of diploë Contains red marrow Examples: cranial bones, sternum, scapula Provide protection and sites for muscle attachments |
| Irregular bone features and example | Variety of shapes, thus the name Composed of exterior compact bone with inner cancellous bone filled with red marrow Examples: vertebrae, pelvic bones |
| Sesamoid bone features and example | Develop within and beside tendons Small and oval Examples: patella, two at metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe |
| Arthrology | study of joints |
| Two classifications of joints | Functional Structural |
| 3 Functional joints | Synarthroses – immovable Amphiarthroses – partially moveable Diarthroses – freely moveable |
| Three structural joint classifications | Fibrous – no joint cavity; generally immovable Cartilaginous – no joint cavity; generally immovable or only slightly movable Synovial – surrounded by an articular capsule that forms the joint cavity; freely movable and the most complex |
| Three types of Fibrous joints | Syndemosis Suture Gomphosis |
| Four types of Synovial joints | Hinge Gliding Pivot Ellipsoid |
| Condyle | Round process at an articular extrmity |
| Coracoid or coronoid | Beak-like or crown-like process |
| Crest | Ridge-like process |
| Epicondyle | Projection above a condyle |
| Facet | Small smooth-surfaced process for articulation with another structure |
| Hamulus | Hook-shaped process |
| Head | Expanded end of a long bone |
| Horn | Hornlike process on a bone |
| Line | Less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation |
| Malleolus | Club-shaped process |
| Protuberance | Projecting part or prominence |
| Spine | Long, pointed process |
| Trochanter | Either of two large, rounded, and elevated processes (greater or major and lesser or minor) located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur |
| Tuberosity | Large, rounded, and elevated process |
| Tubercle | Small, rounded, and elevated process |
| Fissure | Cleft or deep groove |
| Foramen | Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves |
| Fossa | Pit, fovea, or hollow space |
| Groove | Shallow linear channel |
| Meatus | Tube-like passageway running within a bone |
| Notch | Indentation into the border of a bone |
| Sinus | Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space, such as: |
| a recess or groove in bone | used to designate a channel for venous blood on the inner surface of the cranium; |
| an air cavity in bone or a hollow space in other tissue | used to designate a hollow space within a bone, as in paranasal sinuses |
| Sulcus | Furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression |
| 4 Type of bone fracture | Closed Displaced Nondisplaced Open |
| Closed bone fracture | Doesn't break through the skin |
| Displaced | Bones are nt in anatomic allignment |
| nondisplaced | Bone retains its normal alignment |
| Open | Broken bones project through the skin |
| Anterior | Front part |
| Posterior | Back part |
| Caudad | Parts away from the head |
| Ceaphalad | Parts towards the head of the body |
| Inferior | Situated below |
| Superior | Situated above |
| Ceantral | Middle or main part |
| Peripheral | Near the surface, edge or outside |
| Contralateral | Opposite side of the body |
| Ipsilateral | Same side of the body |
| Lateral | Away from the middle of another body part |
| Medial | Towards the median plane of a body |
| Deep | Far from the surface |
| Supeficial | Near the surface of the skin |
| Distal | Furthest from the point of attachment |
| Proximal | Near the point of attachment |
| External | Outside an organ or body |
| Internal | Inside of an organ |
| Parietal | Lining of a body cavity |
| Visceral | Covering of an organ |
| Dorsum | Anterior surface of the foot or posterior surface of the hand |
| Palmer | Palm of the hand |
| Planter | Sole of the foot |
| Projection | Path of the CR as it exist the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR |
| Anteroposterior projection | Enters anterior and exist posterior |
| Posteroanterior projection | Enters posterior and exist anterior |
| Axial projection | Longitudinal angulation of the CR |
| Tangential projection | CR is directed towards the outer margin of a curved body surface |
| Lateral projection | Passes transversly along the coronal plane and exist the opposite |
| Lateromedial/Mediolateral | Lateral projections of limbs |
| Transthoracic projection | Shoulder radiograph |
| Oblique projection | CR enters at an angle following an oblique plane |
| Positions | Overall poster of the patient in relation to the IR |
| Upright | Erect |
| Seated | Patient is sitting but upright |
| Recumbent | Lying down in any postion |
| Supine | Lying on the back |
| Prone | Ling face down |
| Trendelenburg | Supine with head tilted downward |
| Fowler | Supine with head higher than feet |
| Sims | Left anterior recumbent with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed |
| Lithotomy | Supine with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally. Knee support is used |
| Decubutus | Patient is lying down and CR is horizontal and parallel with the floor |
| Lordotic | Patient leaned backward so that the shoulder is the onky thing in contact with the IR |
| View | The body part as seen by the IR |
| Abduction | From central axis |
| adduction | Towards the central axis |
| Extention | Straightening of a joint |
| Flexion | Bending of a joint |
| Hyperextension | Forced extension of a limb or joint |
| Hyperflexion | Over flexion |
| Evert/Eversion | Outward turning of the foot |
| Invert/inversion | Inward turning of the foot |
| Pronate | Rotation of the forearm,palm down |
| Supnate | Rotation of the forearm, palm up |
| Rotate | Rotating the body or body part along its axis |
| Circumduct | Circular movement of a limb |
| Tilt | tipping or slanting a body part slightly |
| Deviation | Turning away from regular standard |
| Dorsiflexion | Flexion or bending of the foot towards the leg |
| Planter flexion | Flexion or bending of the foot downward the sole |
Created by:
iphil_cristiano
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