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ED 213-Ch. 1
Ch. 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ALANA | an acronym that stands for the most populous non-White ethnic groups in the United States: African, Latino, Asian, and Native American. |
| Behavioral genetics | the study of how genes and the environment contribute to individual differences in behavior. |
| Bidirectional | variable A influences variable B, while B also influences A. |
| Canalization | genetically based restriction or channeling of development to a limited range of outcomes despite differences in environment. |
| Cohort effect | an effect upon development whose cause is specific to the particular time in which the cohort grew up. |
| Control group | : in an experiment, the group that does not receive the special treatment in order to provide a comparison group. |
| Correlation coefficient | a statistic that measures the relationship between two variables. |
| Cross-sectional research design | data are collected at one point in time from two or more age groups to investigate age trends. |
| Cultural capital | knowledge and social relationships that allow people to reap benefits within their culture |
| Cultural mismatch | a pattern of incompatibilities between home and school |
| Effect size | a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables, or the size of the difference between the treatment and control group. |
| Experiment | a controlled study comparing outcomes between people randomly assigned to a treatment group and to a control group |
| Gene-environment correlation | genes influence the aspects of the environment that children experience which further activates the genes. |
| Genotype | the set of genes that is directly inherited and transmitted to descendants. |
| Heritability estimate | the amount of variation in a trait in a population (not individuals) that is attributable to genetic influences. Notated as h2. |
| Longitudinal research design | data are collected from the same individuals two or more times, separated by some period of time (e.g., months or years). |
| Phenotype | observable characteristics of a person. |
| Protective factor | a factor that decreases the likelihood of poor outcomes in children at risk. |
| Qualitative research | nonquantitative research characterized by the researcher being the instrument of data collection (rather than a test or questionnaire). May involve observations and interviews as data. |
| Random assignment | each research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to the treatment or control group. |
| Reliability | consistency of a test or measurement. |
| Resilience | positive development despite adversity or risk |
| Risk factor | a variable associated with negative child outcomes |
| Segregating genes | genes that are free to vary and that dictate individual differences |
| Socioeconomic status (SES): | categorization based on parental education, income, and occupational status; often simplified as low, middle, and upper class. |
| Theory | an organized group of concepts or principles used to explain a particular aspect of human development. |
| Toddler | a child between 1 and 3 years of age; so-called because of recent mastery of walking, often with a wobbly gait |
| Validity | : the extent to which a measurement assesses what it is supposed to measure for a specific purpose |
Created by:
Maddyjo
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