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CG Unit 1 AP Psych
History and Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contemporary Psychology is | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| The first psychological laboratory was established by | Wilhelm Wundt |
| William James | prominent American functionalist |
| Mary Calkins | Student of William James and first female president of the American Psychological Association |
| Humanistic psychologists study | the importance of healthy growth potential |
| John Watson | psychology is "the scientific study of observable behavior" |
| psychological differences between men and women are attributed to | nature vs. nurture |
| Charles Darwin | the inheritance of behavioral characteristics |
| the bio-psychological approach | understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within multiple levels of analysis |
| Memory | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| Encoding | The processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning |
| Storage | The retention of encoded information over time |
| Retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory storage |
| Sensory memory | The immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Short-term memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten |
| Long-term memory | The relatively persistent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge,skills, and experiences |
| Working memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of becoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| Parallel processing | The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. |
| Automatic processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learned information such as word meanings |
| Rehearsal | The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
| Spacing effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Serial position effect | Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| Visual encoding | The encoding of picture images |
| Acoustic encoding | The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. |
| Semantic encoding | The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. |
| Imagery | Mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically |
| Iconic memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| Echoic memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
| Long-term potentiation | An increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
| Flashbulb memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Amnesia | The loss of memory |
| Implicit memory | Retention independent of conscious recollection |
| Explicit memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
| Hippocampus | A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. |
| Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blanks test |
| Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
| Relearning | A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
| Priming | The activation, often unconsciously of particular associations of memory |
| Deja Vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| State Dependent memory | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
| Proactive interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| Retroactive interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| Repression | In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| Misinformation effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Source amnesia | Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. |
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