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EMT-Intermediate
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agonist | drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response |
| Antagonist | drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response. |
| Side Effect | unintended response to a drug |
| Idiosyncrasy | a drug effect that is unique to the individual; different than seen or expecte4d in the population in general |
| Synergism | two drugs that both have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses, analogons to 1 + 1 = 3 |
| Potentiation | One drug enhances the effect of another. A common example is promethazine (Phenergan) enhancing the effects of morphine |
| Therapeutic Index | ratio of drug's lethal dose for 50% of the population to is effective dose for 50% of the population. |
| Peripheral Nervous System | All nervous system structures other than brain and spinal cord. |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Somatic Nervous System | a component of Peripheral Nervous System. Controls voluntary functions. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | a component of Peripheral Nervous System. Controls involuntary functions. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | a component of Autonomic Nervous System. Increases autonomic functions. |
| Parasympathic Nervous System | a component of Autonomic Nervous System. Tends to slow autonomic Functions. |
| Fight or Flight | Sympathetic nervous system allows the body to function under stress. |
| Feed and Breed | Parasympathetic nervous system. controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food. |
| SLUDGE | Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastric Motility, Emesis. Treat with Atropine. (Poisoning) |
| Affects of Atropine Overdose | Hot as hellBlind as a BatDry as a BoneRed as a beetMad as a Hatter |
| Parasympatholytic | drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also called anticholinergic. Medications that block. |
| Sympatholytic | drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. Also called antiadrenergic. Medications that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Parasympathomimetic | drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also called cholinergic. Medications that stimulate. |
| Sympathomimetic | drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system. Medications that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Pills | drugs shaped spherically are easy to swallow. |
| Powders | Although they are not as popular as they once were, some powered drugs are still in use. |
| Tablets | powders that are compressed into a dislike form. |
| Suppositories | drugs mixed with a waxlike base that melts at body temperature, allowing absorption by rectal or vaginal tissue |
| Capsules | gelatin containers filled with powders or tiny pills; the gelatin dissolves, releasing the drug in the GI tract |
| Liquid drug forms | usually solutions of a solid drug dissolved in a solvent. Some can be given parenterally. Others must be given enterally. |
| Solutions | the most common liquid preparations. Generally water based, some may be oil based. |
| Tinctures | prepared using an alcohol extraction process; some alcohol usually remains in the final drug preparation |
| Suspensions | preparations in which the solid does not dissolve in the solvent; if left alone, the solid portion will precipitate out. |
| Emulsions | Suspensions will an oily substance in the solvent, even when well mixed globules of oil separate out of the solution |
| Spirits | Solution of a volatile drug in alcohol. |
| Elixirs | Alcohol and water solvent, often with flavorings added to improve the taste |
| Syrups | Sugar, water, and drug solutions |
| Four Main Sources of drug products | plants, animals, minerals, synthetic |
| Plants | oldest source of medications; used for herbal medicines; gums, oils. examples: include the purple foxglove, a source of digitalis (a glycoside), and deadly nightshade, a source of atropine (an alkaloid). |
| Animals | for many years the primary source of insulin for treating diabetes mellitus were the extracts of boxine (cow) and porcine (pig) pancreas. |
| Minerals | inorganic sources of drugs such as calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate |
| Synthetic | created in the laboratory. They may provide alternative sources of medications for those found in nature, or they may be entirely new meds not found in nature. |
| Chemical drug name | drug represents its chemical composition and molecular structure. An example is 7-chlor-1, 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2lt-1, 4-benzodiazephine -2-one. |
| Generic drug name | drug is suggested by the original manufacturer and confirmed by the United States adopted name council. An example is diazepam. |
| Brand/trade/proprietary drug name | name of a drug is the name given the drug by a specific manufacturer. This name is a proper name and should be capitalized and may be followed by a trademark insignia. An example is Valium, a brand name for diazepam. |
| Schedule I medications | High abuse potential; may lead to severre dependence; examples: herion, LSD, mescaline |
| Schedule II medications | High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependence; examples: opium, cocaine, morphine, codeine, oxycodine, methodone, secobarbital. |
| Schedule III medications | Less abuse potential than Schedule I & II; may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence; examples: limited opioid amounts, vicodin, tylenol with codeine. |
| Schedule IV medications | lower abuse potential compared to Schedule III; limited psychological and/or physical dependence; examples: diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital |
| Schedule V medications | lower abuse potential compared to schedule IV; may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence; examples: limited amounts of opioids, often for cough or diarrhea. |
| Six "Rights" of drug administration | right medication, right dose, right time, right route, right patient, right documentation |
| Enteral Routes of medication | meds are absorbed through GI tract |
| Parental Routes of medication | denotes any area outside of the GI tract |
| Oral (PO) | good for self-adminstrered drugs. Few emergency drugs are administered this way. Enteral route |
| Orogastric/nasogastric tube (OG-NG) | this route is generally used for oral medications when the patient already has the tube in place for other reasons. enteral route |
| Sublingual (SL) | this is agood route for self-administration and excellent absorption from the sublingual capillary bed without the problems of gastric acidity or absorption. enteral route |
| Buccal | absorption through this route between the cheek and gum is similar to sublingual absorption. enteral route |
| Rectal (PR) | this route is usually reserved for unconsious or vomiting patients or patients who cannot cooperate with oral or IV administration (small children) Enteral route |
| Intravenous (IV) | with its rapid onset, this is the preferred route in most emergencies. Parental route |
| Endotracheal (ET) | this is an alternative route for elected medications in an emergency. Parental route |
| Intraosseous (IO) | the intraosseous route delivers drugs to the medullary space of bones. Most often used as an alternative to IV administration in pediatric emergencies, it also sees limited use in adults. Parental route |
| Umbilical | both the umbilical vein and umbilical artery can provide an alternative to IV administration in newborns. Parental route |
| Intramuscular (IM) | the intramuscular route allows a slower absorption than IV administration, as the drug passes into the capillaries. Parental route |
| Subcutaneous (SC, SQ, Sub Q) | this route is slower than the IM route, because the subcutaneous tissue is less vascular than the muscular tissue. Parental route |
| Inhalation/nebulized | this route, which offers very rapid absorption, is especially useful for delivering drugs whose target tissues are in the lungs. Parental route |
| Topical | topical administration delivers drugs directly to the skin. Parental route |
| Transdermal | for drugs that can be absorbed through the skin, the transdermal route allows, slow, continous release. Parental route |
| Nasal | useful for delivering drugs directly to the nasal mucosa, the nasal route has an expanding role in delivering systemically acting drugs. Parental route |
| Installation | instillation is similar to topical administration, but places the drug directly into a wound or an eye. Parental route |
| Intradermal | for allergy testing, intradermal administration delivers a drug or biologic agent between the dermal layers. Parental route |
| Medication storage | termperature, light, moisture and shelf-life. |
Created by:
paulacarter
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