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Common substances
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Water | H2O. 60%-80% of a cell. |
| Carbon dioxide | CO2. Produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. |
| Molecular oxygen | O2. Oxygen comes from plants and the photosynthesis process. *Necessary for cellular respiration to occur converting glucose into ATP molecules |
| Ammonia | NH3. Produced as a byproduct of the breakdown of amino acids. *Ammonia is toxic but it's converted to harmless urea by enzymes in our liver |
| Mineral salts | The mineral salts are: 1. Calcium 2. Phosphate 3. Chloride 4. Sodium 5. Potassium |
| Carbohydrates | Two important functions: energy storage and structural strengthening of the cell. *The simplest carbohydrates are five and six carbon sugars |
| Lipids | Fat is a major type of lipid |
| Proteins | Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. *Proteins are a source of energy |
| Nucleic acids | Composed of chains of nucleotides. DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA-Ribonucleic acid |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | High energy molecule that is the fuel that allows cells to function and maintain themselves. *The breakdown of the glucose molecule and other nutrients provide energy to make ATP molecules. |
| Calcium | A mineral salt that is needed for muscle contraction and strong bones |
| Phosphate | A mineral salt needed to make ATP |
| Sodium potassium chloride | Mineral salts that are necessary for muscle contraction and nervous transmission |
| Important five carbon sugars | Deoxyribose and ribose |
| Important six carbon sugars | Glucose and fructose |
| Fats | 95% of fats in the human body are triacylglycerols. |
| Triacylglycerols | Composed of glycerol and fatty acids |
| Saturated fat | Fatty acids that contain single covalent bonds *These contribute to cardiovascular disease |
| Unsaturated fat | Fatty acids that have one or more double covalent bonds *These are good for you |
| Four types of protein structure | 1. Primary ( amino acid sequences) 2. Secondary (based on hydrogen bonds between amino acids, cause and coiling) 3. Tertiary (secondary folding based on sulfur atoms) 4. Quaternary (based on spatial relationships between units) |
| Enzymes | Protein catalyst that make chemical reactions occur in cells *The functioning of our immune system is based on proteins |
| Nucleotide | Complex combination of: Nitrogen base (purine or pyrimidine) sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate group |
| Purine bases | Adenine and guanine |
| 3 pyrimidine bases | 1. Thymine 2. cytosine 3. uracil (uracil is found in RNA only and is substituted for thymine) |
| ATP molecule | Consists of: 1. Ribose sugar 2. Adenine 3. Three phosphate groups ( the energy of the molecule is stored in the second and third phosphate groups) |
| DNA | The genetic material of the cell found in the nucleus that determines all of the characteristics and functions of the cell |
| RNA | Two forms necessary for protein synthesis: 1. Messenger RNA 2. Transfer RNA |
Created by:
Evelyn Brown
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