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SW Licensure I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parataxic distortions | neo-freudian - causes maladaptive behavior stemming from misperceptions that involve responding to a person as though he or she were a significant person from the past and are due to arrest or persistence |
| What is Crisis theory? | disruption of a person's normal or stable state. Manifestations include emotional upset, biophysical upset, cognitive disturbance, and behavioral changes |
| What are three categories of crisis origin? | situational, maturational, and cultural/socio-cultural |
| What are the stages of crisis? | 1. the hazardous event, 2. the vulnerable state (reaction), 3. the precipitating factor (last straw), 4. active crisis state , 5. reintegration |
| What are the three components of Freud's personality theory? | Id (birth - life drives), ego (6mo - defers gratification, rational thinking and planning), and superego (4-5 yrs - internalization of values, conscious - attempts to block socially unacceptable id drives) |
| What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development (Freud) | Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
| Defense mechanism - reaction formation | person avoids an anxiety evoking instinct by expressing its opposite |
| Defense mechanism - displacement | transfer of instinctual drive from its original target to a less threatening target |
| Defense mech - sublimation | type of displacement where an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially acceptable, even admirable activity |
| What is the object relation approach? | personality theory - Kohut, Mahler, |
| What is an object introject? | the mental representation of a person (object-rel) |
| self-representation and object representation | mental image of the self, and mental image of another person |
| 4 stages of object relations | 1. normal autism (1st mo, infant is oblivious to envi), 2. symbiotic phase (2-8 mo - inf is fused with mother, no differentiation), 3. differentiation (7mo - self and object begins to seperate), 4. int/rapproacht (2-3 yrs - perm sense of self and object) |
| object relations & borderline personality | developmental deficiencies lead to splitting/ unstable self image. individual may have immature, unconstrained agressive feelings, and irrational thoughts - feeling persecuted or unloved |
| Alfred Adler | Individual psychology - behavior is purposeful and motivated by a person's future goals rather than determined by past events. Each individual has a set of motives, traits, values, interests |
| Jung Analytical psychotherapy | behavior is determined by past events and future goals and aspirations - conscious and unconscious. extraversion and introversion attitudes, and four basic psychological functions |
| Humanistic psychotherapy | 1. phenomenological approach - must understand person's subjective experience, emphasis on wholeness of individual, focus on curent behaviors, believe in individual's strengths, reject diagnosis and labels |
| Narrative therapy | focus on understanding how experience creates expectations and how expectations then shape experience through the creation of stories - social constructionism |
| Gestalt therapy | Fritz Perls - each individual is capable of assuming personal responsibility for her own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated whole - emphasizes personal responsibility (humanistic psychotherapy) |
| reality therapy | William Glasser - people can take control of their own lives - behavior originates from individual rather than from external forces |
| Solution focused therapy | short-term (5-10 sessions) - client defines goals, focus on what is possible and changeable, miracle question. is not concerned with roots of individual's or family's problem |
| Erik Ericksons' 5 stages of development | 1. trust vs. mistrust (0-1), 2. autonomy vs. shame/doubt (2-3), 3. initiative vs. guilt (3-5), 4. industry vs. inferiority (6-12yrs), 5. identity vs. role confusion (12-18yrs) |
| axis 1 | clinical disorders and other focused conditions |
| axis 2 | personality disorders and mental retardation |
| axis 3 | general medical conditions |
| axis 4 | psycho social and enviornmental problems |
| dual diagnosis | client as both a major psychiatric disorder and substance abuse or dependence |
| 3 categories of mental disorders | 1. due to general medical condition, 2. substance related disorders, 3. primary mental disorders |
| aphasia | difficulty with names and words |
| apraxia | difficulty with motor acts (cooking, dressing, cleaning) |
| agnosia | can't recognize objects, family members, etc |
| classical conditioning | neutral (conditioned) stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus - eventually the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response that is naturally produced by unconditioned stimulus |
| classical extinction | gradual elimination of classicaly conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus |
| congruent communication seriously contradicts any of the others | communication in which two or more messages are sent via different lvels, but none of the messages |
| conjoint family therapy | single therapist treating the marriage by seeing both spouses together in the same session (treatment of two or more persons in a session together) |
| counterconditioning | elimination of a response by pairing the response or associated stimuli with a stimulus that naturally elicits an incompatible or more desirable response |
| differentiation extended family systems therapy | (bowen) - seperation of an individual's intellectual and emotional functioning from that of their family members |
| double bind communication | contradictory or logically inconsistent communications from the same person along with understanding that the inconsistency must not be commented |
| Roger's facilitative conditions | person-centered therapists - 3 core conditions - empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard |
| Field Theory - Lewin | focus on the total psychological environment and attempts to explain behavior on the basis of dynamic interactions among life forces |
| functional analysis | a behavioral assessment that includes an evaluation of the target behavior as well as its antecedents and consequences. results are used to select an appropriate intervention and monitor its effects |
| general systems theory | the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components. systems could be open or closed and receives input from the envi. |
| negative reinforcement | operant conditioning - performance of a response terminates an aversive condition or stimulus. negative reinforcement serves to increase the occurrence of a behavior |
| positive reinforcement | operant conditioning - presence of a response or behavior elicits a rewarding condition so that the response or behavior is strenthend or maintained |
| metacomplementary relationship | reciprocal relationship where one individual allows or forces the other to be in charge |
| metacommunication | every message has two levels - report and commandnonverbal message (command) commenting on the intent of a verbal statement (report) |
| Johari Window | graphic model of interpersonal behavior that is applied to many different theories of group interaction and social psychology |
| what are some common tetragens? | alcohol, narcotics, lead, cocaine, nicotine |
| what are kubler ross' five stages of death | 1.denial, 2. anger, 3. bargining, 4. depression, 5. acceptance |
| 4 patterns of attachement | 1. secure, 2. insecure (anxious/avoidant), 3. insecure (anxious/ambivalent), 4. disorganized/disoriented |
| What are the four nested levels in bronfenbrenners theory? | Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem |
| Four stages of adjustment to retirement - Atchley | 1. pre-retirement (making plans for the future), 2. honeymoon 3. disenchantment (novelty wears off), 4. re-orientation phase (create a satisfactory and realistic lifestyle) |
| Levinson's four periods of the lifespan | 1. infancy through adolescense, 2. early adulthood, 5. middle adulthood, 4. late adulthood |
| Piagets constructivism | Cognitive development. People actively construct higher levels of knowledge from elements contributed through biological maturation and the environment |
| what is stranger anxiety? | 6-8 mo children become very anxious and fearful in the presence of strangers. It continues to age 2 and then diminishes |
| How many stages are there in prenatal development? | three |
| Piaget's cognitive stages | 1. sensorimotor (0-2y), 2. preoperational (2-7 yr), 3. concrete operational (7-11 yr), 4. formal operational (11+ yr) |
| What is insecure (anxious/avoidant) attachment? | Avoidant baby shows little distress when his or her mother leaves the room and avoids or ignores her when she returns |
| What is insecure (anxious/ambivalent) attachement | Baby becomes disturbed whenleft alone with a stranger but is ambivalent when the mother returns and may become angry and resist her attempts at physical contact |
| what is a tetragen? | substance that crosses the placental barrier and causes defects in the embryo or fetus |
| what is the babinski reflex? | toes fan out and upward when soles of the feet are tickled |
| what is the babkin reflex? | close eyes, open mouth, and turns head to side when pressure is applied to both palms |
| what is holophasic speech? | 1-2 yr children - speech which consist of single words and express whole phrases and sentences |
| what is social learning theory? | Proposes that learning is a result of a combination of observational learning and differential reinforcement. |
| What is the Vygotskyian approach? | Psychologist acknowledge the impact of biology on cognitive development, but placed greater emphasis on cultural factors |
| What part of the brain is responsible for high level cognitive functions, language, spatial skills, and complex motor activities? | cerebal cortex |
| anaclitec depression | effect of early institutionalization (hospitalism) - infants. retarded physical development, disruption of perceptual motor skills and language. caused more by lack of social contact |
| Kohlberg's stages of moral development | 3 levels of 2 stages each: 1. Pre-conventional (obedience and self-interest orientation), 2. conventional (social norms and law and order morality), 3. post-conventional (social contract orientation and principled conscience) |
| Piaget's four stages of development | 1. sensorimotor - rooting, sucking, object permanence, 2. preoperational stage - 2-7, acquisition of motor skills, magical thinking, 3. concrete op stage 7-12, think logically but only with practical aids, 4. formal op stage - 12+ abstract reasoning |
| dysphoria | depressed mood, anxiety, irritability, restlessness. opposite of euphoria |
| euthymic mood | mood in the normal range, implies abscence of depressed or elevated mood |
| dyssomnia | primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia as the major presenting symptoms. Disorders of amount, quality, timing of sleep |
| ataxia | partial or complete loss of coordination of voluntary muscular movement |
| retrograde amnesia | loss of memory of events that occurred before onset of etiological condition or agent |
| conversion disorder | motor or perceptual symptoms suggesting physical disorder, but which reflect emotional conflicts |
| dyskinesia | distortion of voluntary movements with involuntary muscular activity |
| ideas of reference | feeling that casual incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person |
| aphonia | inability to produce speech sounds that are required the use of the larynx that is not due to a lesion in the central nervous system |
| cataplexy | episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone resulting in individual collapsing, often in association with intense emotions such as laughter, anger, fear, or surprisesc |
| schizoid personality disorder | detachment of social relationships, limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations, preference for social isolation (like autism) |
| depersonalization disorder | feelings of unreality/detachment, high co-morbidity with anxiety and mood disorders |
| major depressive disorder | depressed mood lasting more than 2 weeks, feeling worthless or indecisive, loss of pleasure or interest in usual activities (anhedonia). recurrent episoes more common |
| histrionic mood disorder | overly dramatic, sensational, and sexually provocative. impulsive and need to b at the center of attention |
| antisocial personality disorer | noncompliance with social norms, violates rights of others, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful |
| schizotypal personality disorder | odd and unusual behavior and appearance, socially isolated, highly suspicious, magical thinking, ideas of reference, illusions. many meet criteria for major dep. |
| cyclothymiac disorder | chronic version of bipolar disorder, manic/dep episodes less severe, persisting manic or depressive states, 2 or more years adult, more than 1 yr child. high risk for bipolar I or II |
| ego psychology | base in psychoanalysis with focus on ego functions and adaptations. defense mechanisms, adaption to expected envi, ego master, and separation/individuation |
| pica disorder | persistent eating of nonnuritive substances such as paint, hair, sand, cloth, etc. without aversion to food. seen in pregnant women, small children, and developmentally disabled |
| rumination disorder | regurgitation and rechewing of food. affecting only infants, young children, and people with cognitive disabilities. |
| encopresis | repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places |
| enuresis | repeated voiding of urine during day or night in bedding or clothes |
| reactive attachment disorder | a lack of attachment or indiscriminate, superficial attachments |
| schizophreniform disorder | illness of less than six months. greater likelihood of an acute onset preceded by turmoil/high stress. range of prognoses characterized by absence of blunted or flat affect. |
| malingering | ndividual fabricating or exaggerating the symptoms of mental or physical disorders for a variety of motives. |
| prolixin | typical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of psychoses such as schizophrenia and acute manic phases of bipolar disorde |
| somaticization disorder | chronically and persistently complain of varied physical symptoms that have no identifiable physical origin. One common general etiological explanation is that internal psychological conflicts are unconsciously expressed as physical signs. |
| echopraxia | tic, repetitive involuntary movements |
| echolalia | tourettes, repetitive involuntary speech/sounds |
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