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AOS1 Glossary
Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | The process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information that stimulates them. |
| Stimuli | External information that triggers a physiological or psychological response. |
| Sensory Receptors | Receptors in sensory organs (ears, eyes, skin, nose and tongue) that receive and process sensory information. |
| Reception | Process of detecting and responding to incoming sensory information within the sensory organ. |
| Transduction | The process where sensory receptors change the type of energy detected into electrochemical energy. |
| Transmission | Receptor site to brain. |
| Perception | Refers to the process by which we give meaning to sensory information. |
| Interpretation | The process of assigning meaning to incoming sensory information so it can be understood. |
| Visual Sensory System | The system that gives our bodies the ability to see. |
| Cornea | Transparent circular part of the front of the eyeball which refracts light entering eye onto the lens, which focuses it onto the retina. |
| Pupil | Circular opening in the centre of the iris through which light passes into the lens of the eye. |
| Iris | Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. |
| Ciliary muscle | Muscle that controls the lens. |
| Retina | Receives and absorbs light, and also processes images. Consists of several layers of tissue made up of neurons. |
| Photoreceptors | Light-sensitive visual receptor cell in the eye. |
| Rods | Photoreceptors in the eye’s retina that responds to very low levels of light; primarily responsible for night vision. |
| Cones | Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye that responds to high levels of light and is primarily responsible for night vision, colour vision and detecting fine details. |
| Fovea/Macula | Concentration of cones in the back of the eye. |
| Optic Nerve | Transmits the visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex. |
| Blindspot | Spot in retina where there aren't any photoreceptors so light can't be detected here. |
| Primary Visual Cortex | Receives and processes visual information from the eyes. |
| Gestalt Principle | Organising the features of a visual scene to perceive a whole, complete form. |
| Visual Perception Principles | Are rules that we automatically apply to visual stimuli to assist organising and interpreting it in consistent, reliable & meaningful ways. |
| Closure | Closing up, filling in, or ignoring gaps and seeing the object/s as complete. |
| Camouflage | Occurs when figure and ground cannot be easily separated but blend together |
| Figure ground | The figure (object) stands out against a less prominent ground (background). |
| Similarity | The tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features — such as size, shape, texture or colour |
| Proximity | Stimuli that are positioned close together are seen as forming a group. |
| Depth Cues | Are sources of information from the environment or from within our body. |
| Depth Perception | Cues that assist our ability to accurately judge distance, depth, 3D space |
| Binocular Depth Cue | Require 2 eyes working together. Most useful for objects that are relatively close. |
| Convergence | A visual perception depth cue involving the inward turning of the eyes to focus on nearby objects. |
| Retinal Disparity | A visual perception depth cue based on the difference (disparity) of the retinal images. |
| Monocular Depth Cue | A depth perception cue requiring the use of only one eye. |
| Accommodation | A depth cue involving the automatic focusing of the lens in the eye to adjust shape in response to changes in the distance of view from an object. |
| Pictorial Depth Cue | A visual perception depth cue that can be represented pictorially on a two-dimensional surface. |
| Linear perspective | A visual perception depth cue based on the apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance. |
| Interposition | A visual perception depth cue based on the principle that an object which partially covers another is closer than the object it covers and the covered object is further away. Also called overlap. |
| Texture gradient | Objects with clear fine detail appear closer. Those lacking detail appear father away. |
| Relative Size | The perceptual tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer and the object that produces the smallest image as being further away (when objects are expected to be the same size) |
| Height in the Visual Field | The perceptual tendency to visually perceive objects located closer to the horizon as being more distant than objects located further from the horizon. |
| Perceptual Constancies | Help us see the world as remaining stable and unchanging despite any changes that may occur to the images cast on the retina |
| Brightness Constancy | |
| Shape Constancy | The tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in shape of the image of the object on the retina. |
| Size Constancy | Recognising that an object’s actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image it casts on each retina changes. |
| Perceptual Set | The predisposition, or ‘readiness’, to perceive something in accordance with what we expect it to be. |
| Context | The environment or setting in which a perception is made. |
| Past Experience | The personal experiences that have happened throughout one’s life. |
| Motivation | Processes within us that create behaviour designed towards achieving a particular goal. |
| Emotional State | How we are feeling can influence the way we perceive things. |
| Culture | Experience with or in a particular culture can influence the way we process and interpret visual information. |
| Gustation | The physical act or the sense of tasting. |
| Taste Receptors | Detect the chemical molecules that enable taste. Live 10 days & constantly being replaced |
| Taste Buds | On tongue primarily and also in other parts of mouth. 8,000 – 10,000 taste buds. Each bud has 50-150 taste receptors. |
| Papillae | The small bumps on tongue containing taste buds. |
| Taste Pore | Openings on tongue surface connecting to taste receptors. |
| Tastant | Dissolved chemical molecules that can be tasted. |
| Five Tastes | Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami (Savoury) |
| Lens | A transparent, flexible, convex structure located immediately behind the pupil which plays a major role in focusing light onto the retina. |
Created by:
carlaspeziale
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