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Weather Ch. 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science | A process used to gain knowledge and understanding of the natural world through observation, investigation and experimentation |
| Scientific method step 1 | Observe and question some aspect of nature |
| Scientific method step 2 | Make a hypothesis (prediction) |
| Scientific method step 3 | Experiment collect data; investigate |
| Scientific method step 4 | Conclusion will either support or disprove your hypothesis |
| Scientific method step 5 | Keep testing, modify the thesis if needed |
| You never ( ) anything in science, only ( ) the hypothesis? | Prove; support |
| The ATM is very ( )? | Thin (thin film of air) |
| 99% of the ATM is within ( ) miles of the earth surface? | 19 miles or 30km |
| You can't survive above ( )? This is called the "( )"? | 5 miles or 8km; death zone |
| Permanent gases | Don't change much from place to place or over time: Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (.93%), Hydrogen, Helium. |
| Variable gases | Can change significantly from place to place or over time: water vapor (H2Ov), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane, Nitrous oxide, ozone (O3. 20-30m up, smog, shield +90% of UV radiation), CFCs (freeon-break down ozone, stay in ATM for 50-70yrs) |
| H2Ov | Water Vapor: most variable gas; invisible |
| H2Ov enters the ATM by ( ) | Evaporation |
| H2Ov is removed mainly by ( ) | Precipitation |
| H2Ov is the most important gas for ( ) | Weather |
| H2Ov ranges from ( ) | 0-4% (as temp drops it gets closer to 0%) |
| CO2 enters the ATM by ( ) | Respiration, plant decay or burn, burning fossil fuels (coal, oil), volcanos, oceans |
| CO2 is removed from the ATM by ( ) | Photosynthesis, rainfall (CO2+H2O=>H2CO3 carbonic acid), oceans |
| CO2 levels are ( ) due to a ( ) into the ATM | Rising; surplus |
| Lapse rate | How fast the temp cools as you go up |
| Inversion | When temps get warmer as you go higher |
| Main layers in the ATM listed from lowest to highest | Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere |
| Troposphere | 9-10 miles up; lapse rate (6.5˚C/km); average=3.6˚F/1000ft.; all weather occurs here |
| Stratosphere | 10-30 miles up; inversion; ozone layer |
| Mesosphere | 30-50 miles up; lapse rate; coldest temps |
| Thermosphere | 50+ miles up; inversion; warmest temps |
| Pressure | P=Force/Area |
| Force | A push or pull |
| Air pressure | The force exerted by the air around you and above you (measured in millibars-mb). |
| Force exerted around you due to ( ) | Air density |
| Force exerted above you due to ( ) | Gravity |
| Air density | AD=# of air molecules/volume of air |
| Air pressure will always ( ) as you go ( ) in the ATM | Decrease; higher up |
| Average sea level pressure | 1013.25 mb |
| Weather | |
| Climate | |
| Temperature (temp) | A measure of the average speed of the atoms or molecules within a substance; any substance has a temp; empty space has no temp |
| An increase in avg speed results in ( ) | Warmer temps |
| A decrease in avg speed results in ( ) | Cooler temps |
| 3 temp scales | Fahrenheit (˚F), Celsius (˚C), Kelvin (K-no negative numbers) |
| Freezing point of pure water | 32˚F, 0˚C, 273K |
| Boiling point of pure water | 212˚F, 100˚C, 373K |
| Absolute zero | The coldest temp in nature, 0K, no molecular movement |
| Conversion formula for ˚F to ˚C | ˚C=5/9(˚F-32) |
| Conversion formula for ˚C to K | K=˚C+273 |
| Energy | The ability or capacity to do work on something |
| Work | W=Force•Distance |
| 3 basic forms of energy | Potential energy, kinetic energy, internal energy |
| Potential energy (PE) | Stored energy; PE(gravitational)=mass•gravity•height; PE-m•g•h |
| Kinetic energy (KE) | Motion-moving (velocity), mass; KE=.5•mass•(velocity²); KE=.5•m•v² |
| Internal energy | Total energy=PE+KE; conservation of energy-energy can't be created or destroyed but can only change forms |
| Heat | The transfer of energy from one location to another |
| 3 forms of heat | Specific heat, latent heat, sensible heat |
| Specific heat | The amount of heat energy required to raise 1g of a substance 1˚C; water has a high specific heat compared to land |
| Latent heat is the ( ) heat transfer during the phase change of a substance (there are 6 possible phase changes) | Hidden |
| (Latent heat) Heat energy is ( ) from surrounding environment going from solid to liquid, etc. | taken (cooling process) |
| (Latent heat) Heat energy is ( ) into the surrounding environment going from gas to liquid, etc. | released (warming process) |
| (Latent heat) Melting | Solid to liquid |
| (Latent heat) Evaporation | Liquid to gas |
| (Latent heat) Sublimation | Solid to gas |
| (Latent heat) Condensation | Gas to liquid |
| (Latent heat) Freezing | Liquid to solid |
| (Latent heat) Deposition | Gas to solid |
| Sensible heat | Heat transfer you can feel or measure |
| Sensible heat only flows when a temp ( ) exists | Difference |
| Sensible heat only flows from ( ) to ( ) | Hot; cold |
| 3 forms of sensible heat transfer | Conduction, convection, radiation |
| Conduction | Heat transfer from molecule to molecule within a substance; metals tend to be fast conductors; air is a poor conductor |
| Convection | Heat transferred by the mass movement of fluid (air/water); most important for the ATM |
| Radiation | Heat transfer by electromagnetic (EM) waves; most important for earth's surface |
| Any wave has 2 basic properties ( ) | Wavelength (λ)-The distance between 2 similar points on a wave; frequency=# of waves/amount of time |
| EM waves ( ) | Can travel in empty space; travel at the speed of light (186,000 miles/second); amount of energy carried by wave depends on λ; type of radiation depends on λ (EM spectrum) |
| Some types of radiation | Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), infrared (IR), microwaves, TV waves, short radio waves, AM radio waves |
| Radiation is emitted by everything and 2 radiation laws determine | Amount or intensity of radiation emitted; type of radiation emitted |
| Stefan-Boltzman Law | Radiation intensity (amount)=σ(sigma)•(temp⁴); sigma=constant # |
| (SB Law) Warmer temps emit much ( ) intense radiation compared to cooler objects | More |
| (SB Law) The sun emits much ( ) radiation compared to the earth | More |
| (SB Law) EM waves will spread out and become ( ) intense as you move away from the object | Less |
| Wien's Law | λmax=constant/temp; warmer objects emit shorter λ's; (inverse relationship between temp and λ) |
| (Wien's Law) Warmer objects emit ( ) λ's | Shorter |
| (Wien's Law) There is an ( ) relationship between temp and λ | Inverse |
| (Wien's Law) The sun emits ( ) λ's compared to earth | Shorter |
| (Wien's Law) λmax Sun= | .55micrometers (VIS) |
| (Wien's Law) λmax Earth= | 10micrometers (Far IR) |
| 1 micrometer= | 10⁻⁶ meters=.000001 meters |
| Far IR | 1.5 to 100 micrometers |
| Near IR | .7 to 1.5 micrometers |
| VIS | .4 to .7 micrometers |
| UV | <.4 micrometers |
| Sun's EM spectrum | 7% UV, 37% Near IR, 44% VIS |
| Earth's EM spectrum | Almost all Far IR from 2-30 micrometers |
| The effect of radiation ( ) over time | Accumulates |
| The ATM absorbs most ( ) radiation | UV |
| The ATM does not absorb ( ) radiation | VIS |
| The ATM ( ) absorbs IR radiation | Selectively |
| Greenhouse effect | The ATM allows visible energy to pass through and heat the earth surface while absorbing much of the earth's IR energy trapping the heat (i.e. a car can be hotter inside) |
| Greenhouse gases (variable gases) | Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, CFCs |
| Greenhouse gases only make up ( )% of the entire ATM yet keep the earth about ( )˚F warmer compared to having no greenhouse effect | 1; 60 |
| Some of the sunlight is not ( ) | Absorbed |
| The sun's energy can be ( ) back into space | Scattered or reflected |
| (Scattering) mainly by ( ) | Oxygen and nitrogen |
| (Scattering) sends energy ( ) in all directions | Equally |
| Volcanic eruptions can ( ) the climate | Cool down |
| Mainly ( ) λ's are scattered during the day | Blue |
| Particles in the ATM scatter ( ) λ's near sunrise and sunset (the more polluted the ATM is, the ( ) the λ scattered) | Longer |
| Albedo | % of reflected visible light by a solid or liquid surface |
| (Albedo) Snow and ice | 75-95% |
| (Albedo) Clouds | 40-90% |
| (Albedo) Land | 10-35% |
| (Albedo) Water | <10% |
| Up to ( )% of the sunlight over the course of a year is scattered or reflected (unused to heat the earth) | 30 |
| Seasons | Yearly seasonal changes; earth/sun relationship |
| (Seasons) Earth orbits around the sun ( ) per year | Once |
| (Seasons) Earth spins on its ( ) once per day | Axis |
| (Seasons) One year= | 365.25 days |
| (Seasons) Earth's orbit is not circular it is ( ) | Slightly elliptical |
| Perihelion | Near point; Jan. 4; 91.5 million miles |
| Aphelion | Far point; July 4; 94.5 million miles |
| ( )% difference in energy between perihelion and aphelion | 7 |
| The Sun can only shine on ( ) of the earth at a time | 1/2 |
| Vernal equinox | March 20 |
| Summer solstice | June 21 |
| Autumnal equinox | September 22 |
| Winter solstice | December 21 |
| North pole | 90˚N |
| Arctic circle | 66.5˚N |
| Tropic of cancer | 23.5˚N |
| Equator | 0˚ |
| Tropic of capricorn | 23.5˚S |
| South pole | 90˚S |
| The elliptical orbit around the sun is ( ) because of the reason for seasons | NOT |
| The ( ) creates seasons | tilt |
| The Earth has a tilt of ( )˚ on its axis | 23.5 |
| Amount of seasonal changes depends on ( ) | Hours of daylight and angle of incidence |
| High temp of the day usually occurs ( ) | |
| Low temps of the day usually occurs ( ) minutes ( ) sunrise |
Created by:
Matti
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