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A & P 2 - Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of tissue is blood classified as? | Liquified connective tissue |
| What is the function of erythrocytes? | Transport O2 and CO2 |
| What is the normal value of erythrocytes? | 4-6 million/mm3 |
| What is the function of leukocytes? | Body's defense mechanism |
| What is the normal value of leukocytes? | 5-10k/ mm3 |
| What is the function of thrombocytes? | Blood clotting |
| What is the normal value of thrombocytes? | 150-400k/mm3 |
| What is the function of hemoglobin? | Iron containing pigment of RBCs that binds and transports O2 and CO2 |
| What is the normal value of hemoglobin? | 12-16 g/dL |
| What is hematocrit? | Percentage of RBCs in relation to the total blood volume |
| What is the normal value of hematocrit? | 40-50% |
| Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to capillaries of organs and tissues | Arteries |
| Carry deoxygenated blood from tissues and organs to the heart | Veins |
| Small blood vessels whose walls permit exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between plasma and interstitial fluid | Capillaries |
| What is the average blood volume of an adult? | 4-6 L |
| What plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure? | Albumin |
| What is the life span of RBCs? | 120 days |
| What is the term for a bluish discoloration of the nail beds? | Peripheral cyanosis |
| What is the term for a bluish discoloration of the lips and oral mucosa? | Central cyanosis |
| Of the two types of cyanosis, which is urgent? | Central cyanosis |
| What is the yellowish discoloration of the skin, typically caused by increased bilirubin? | Jaundice |
| Hemoglobins affinity for carbon monoxide is how many times greater than it is for oxygen? | 250 times |
| Where is insulin produced in the body? | Pancreas |
| What type of WBC will most likely increase in an allergic reaction? | Eosinophils |
| What is the term for increased WBCs? | Leukocytosis |
| What is the term for decreased WBCs? | Leukopenia |
| What is coagulation? | Formation of a blood clot |
| What blood type is the universal donor? | O |
| What blood type is the universal recipient? | AB |
| Why can't someone with type B blood receive type A blood? | Anti A antigens |
| How does gas exchange across the capillary walls occur? | Diffusion |
| What is the most common site for the pulse and ABGs? | Radial |
| What is the average cardiac output of an adult? | 4-8 L/ min |
| Where are the atrioventricular valves located? | Between the atria and ventricles |
| What valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk? | Pulmonary (pulmonic) valve |
| What is the only artery in the body that does not carry oxygenated blood? | Pulmonary |
| What is the sac that surrounds the heart? | Pericardium |
| What blood vessels return blood to the heart from the systemic circuit? | IVC/ SVC |
| What blood vessels return blood to the heart from the pulmonary circulation? | Pulmonary veins |
| Through what blood vessel does blood leave the heart and enter the systemic circulation? | Arteries |
| Through what blood vessel does blood leave the heart and enter the pulmonary circulation? | Pulmonary arteries |
| What is the pacemaker of the heart? | Sinoatrial (SA) node |
| What rate does the SA node keep? | 60-100 BPM |
| What node takes over if the pacemaker fails? | Atrioventricular node (AV) |
| What rate does the AV node keep? | 40-60 BPM |
| What takes over if the AV node fails? | Purkinje fibers |
| On an EKG, what represents atrial depolarization? | P wave |
| On an EKG, what represents ventricular depolarization? | QRS complex |
| On an EKG, what represents ventricular repolarization? | T wave |
| What is the average blood pressure of an adult? | 120/80 mmHg |
| What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure? | 100-140 mmHg |
| What is the normal range for diastolic blood pressure? | 60-90 mmHg |
| What is the term for high blood pressure? | Hypertension |
| How does the process of depolarization effect the ventricles? | Ventricles contract |
| Ventricular depolarization is also known as.... | Systole |
| The process of repolarization causes the ventricles to... | Relax |
| Ventricular repolarization is also known as...... | Diastole |
| What is an acute circulatory crisis marked by low blood pressure and inadequate peripheral blood flow known as? | Hypovolemic shock |
| What is another name for septic shock? | Blood poisoning |
| What is shock caused by an allergic reaction known as? | Anaphylactic shock |
| What is shock caused by a poorly functioning heart known as? | Cardiogenic shock |
| What is shock caused by low blood volume known as? | Hypovolemic shock |
| The larynx and above is known as the _______ respiratory tract. | Upper |
| Everything below the larynx is considered the _______ respiratory tract. | Lower |
| What is the movement of air in and out of the lungs known as? | Ventilation |
| What is the exchange of O2 and CO2 known as? | Respiration |
| What are the functions of the nose? | Filter, humidify, and warm inhaled air |
| What structure in the upper airway is an important anatomical landmark for endotracheal intubation? | Vallecula epiglottica |
| What is the bifurcation for the trachea into the right and left mainstream bronchi known as? | The corina |
| How is the smooth muscle of the bronchiole effected by sympathetic stimulation? | Bronchodilation |
| How is the smooth muscle of the bronchioles affected by parasympathetic stimulation? | Bronchoconstriction |
| List the structures of the conducting airways | Trachea, mainstem bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, subsegmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
| List the structures of the respiratory airways | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli |
| Across what membrane does gas exchange in the lungs occur? | Alveolar capillary (AC) membrane |
| How many lobes are in the right lung? | Three |
| How many lobes are in the left lung? | Two |
| How many segments are in the right lung? | 10 |
| How many segments are in the left lung? | Eight |
| What is the lingula? | The lower portion of the left upper lung |
| Blood vessels, nerves, and the mainstem bronchi enter through the ______ of the lung? | Hilum |
| What is the function of type 1 alveolar cells? | Thin, form 95% of the alveolar surface |
| What is the function of type 2 alveolar cells? | Produce pulmonary surfactant |
| What is the function of type 3 alveolar cells? | Alveolar macrophage |
| What type of respiration occurs in the lungs? | External |
| What type of respiration occurs in the tissues of the body? | Internal |
| The heart, esophagus, and trachea are located in the..... | Mediastinum |
| What are the muscles normally used during Inspiration? | Diaphragm and external Intercostals |
| What is the primary muscle of Inspiration? | Diaphragm |
| What nerve innervates the diaphragm? | Phrenic |
| What muscles are used for forced Expiration? | Abdominals and internal Intercostals |
| What muscles are used for forced Inspiration? | Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, trapezius |
| What is the term for low oxygen in the blood? | Hypoxemia |
| What is the term for low levels of oxygen in the tissues? | Hypoxia |
| What is the abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood? | PaO2 |
| What is the normal value for PaO2? | 80-100 mmHg |
| What is the first sign of hypoxia? | Tachycardia |
| Where are the central chemoreceptors located? | CNS (Medulla) |
| What are the central chemoreceptors sensitive too? | Increased CO2 and increased H+ in CSF |
| Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? | Carotid and aortic bodies |
| What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive too? | Decrease oxygen and increased H+ in arterial blood |
| What is the major regulator of respirations? | CO2 |
| What is the term for a CO2 level above normal? | Hypercapnia |
| What is the term for a CO2 level below normal? | Hypocapnia |
| Pneumonia is a condition in which the alveoli are filled with ______. | Fluid |
| A chronic condition which results in inflammation of the bronchi is also known as _______. | Chronic bronchitis |
| Inflammation of the pleural membrane is known as _______. | Pleurisy |
| A condition in which the alveolar walls become damaged and air trapping occurs is known as ______. | Emphysema |
| _______ results form spastic Muscles of the bronchioles. | Asthma |
| IRV+VT+ERV+RV= | Total lung capacity (TLC) |
| IRV+VT+ERV= | Vital capacity (VC) |
| IC = | VT+IRV |
| FRC= | RV+ERV |
| The total amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation is termed..... | Expiratory reserve volume |
| The amount of air left in the lungs that cannot be exhaled is term.... | Residual volume |
| The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume is termed.... | Inspiratory reserve volume |
| The total amount of air that is in the lungs after a full inhalation is termed...... | Vital capacity |
| What are the functions of the renal system? | Excretion, elimination, and homeostatic regulation |
| What are the main structures of the renal system? | Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra |
| What is the function of the kidneys? | Produce urine |
| What is the function of the ureter? | Transport urine to bladder |
| What is the function of the urinary bladder? | Stores urine prior to elimination |
| What is the function of the urethra? | Conducts urine to the exterior |
| What organ controls bicarbonate excretion? | Kidneys |
| What drug promotes the production of urine? | Diuretic |
| What are the two tests for kidney function? | Blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine |
| What is the best test for kidney function? | Plasma creatinine |
| Decreased RBCs | Anemia |
| Increased lumen in bronchioles | Bronchodilation |
| Blood in the pleural space | Hemothorax |
| The portion of the tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange | Deadspace |
| Increased lumen in the blood vessels | Vasodilation |
| Higher than normal heart rate | Tachycardia |
| Deceased blood flow to an organ | Ischemia |
| Higher than normal blood sugar | Hyperglycemia |
| Fluid in the pleural space | Pleural effusion |
| Oxygen bound to hemoglobin | Oxyhemoglobin |
| Decreased lumen of blood vessels | Vasoconstriction |
| The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity | Parietal pleura |
| A traveling blood clot | Embolus |
| Increased RBCs | Polycythemia |
| Carbon monoxide bound to hemoglobin | Carboxyhemoglobin |
| Process of tissue death caused by the blockage of blood flow to an organ | Infarction |
| Collapsed alveoli | Atelectasis |
| Lower than normal heart rate | Bradycardia |
| A blood clot that is at the site of origin | Thrombus |
| Air in the pleural space | Pneumothorax |
| Decreased lumen of the bronchioles | Bronchoconstriction |
| An excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues | Edema |
| The membrane that lines the lungs | Visceral pleura |
| Mucus producing cells | Goblet cells |
| Provides collateral circulation between adjacent alveoli | Pores of Kohn |
| Decreases surface tension in alveoli | Surfactant |
Created by:
ashconrad417
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