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PTA Cardio Patho
Cardio Pathologies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aneurysm - definition | Localized, abnormal blood vessel dilation, usually an artery |
| Aneurysm - etiology | congenital defect; weakness in vessel wall due to HTN; connective tissue disease; trauma; infection |
| Aneurysm - Signs and Symptoms | Variable based on site; Aortic - usually asymptomatic but can cause abdominal pain, low back pain and pulsations at navel; Cerebral - sudden/severe headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, seizure, loss of consciousness, double vision |
| Aneurysm - Treatment | Anti hypertensive medication as necessary; surgery as allowable and neccessary |
| Angina Pectoris - definition | Transient precordial sensation of pressure or discomfort resulting from myocardial ischemia; common types - stable angina, unstable angina and variant angina |
| Stable Angina - definition | occurs at predictable level of exertion, exercise or stress and responds to rest and nitroglycerin |
| Unstable Angina - definition | Usually more intense than stable angina; lasts longer, is precipitated by less exertion; occurs spontaneously at rest; is progressive |
| Variant Angina - definition | AKA Prinzmetal; occurs due to coronary artery spasm and coronary artery disease |
| Angina Pectoris - Etiology | Inadequate blood flow and oxygen of the heart muscle due to coronary artery disease |
| Angina Pectoris - Signs and Symptoms | Pressure, heaviness, fullness, burning or aching behind the sternum, but also felt throughout upper body and neck; may also have difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, sweating, anxiety, fear; triggered with strong emotion or exertion; subsides with rest |
| Angina Pectoris - Treatment | Acute - supplemental oxygen, nitroglycerin and rest Chronic - long acting nitrates, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers When meds are not effective - stenting or artery bypass |
| Atherosclerosis - definition | A slow progressive accumulation of fatty plaque on the inside of vessel walls; over time restrict blood flow and cause a clot |
| Atherosclerosis - Etiology | Exact cause is unknown; damage or injury to inner wall of artery from HTN, high cholesterol, smoking or diabetes; materials build up at site of injury and cause the narrowing |
| Atherosclerosis - S/S | Varies Coronary - angina pectoris Cerebral - numbness and weakness of extremities, difficult/slurred speech, drooping face Peripheral - intermittent claudication |
| Atherosclerosis - treatment | Lifestyle Change - smoking cessation, regular exercise, healthy diet, stress management Medications - anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet, anti-lipidemic Surgical - angioplasty, endarterectomy, bypass |
| Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) - Definition | Condition in which veins and valves in LE's are damaged and can't keep blood flowing toward the heart; veins remain filled with blood |
| Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) - Etiology | Weak/damaged valves in veins; Risk factors: age, female, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting or standing |
| Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) - S/S | Leg swelling, varicose veins, aching, heaviness, cramping, itching, redness and/or skin ulcers on LE's |
| Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) - Treatment | Compression stockings, elevations, varicose vein stripping, skin ulcer care |
| Core Pulmonale -Description | AKA Pulmonary heart disease; Hypertrophy of the R ventricle due to altered lung function or structure |
| Core Pulmonale - Etiology | Pulmonary HTN due to chronically increased resistance in pulmonary circulation |
| Core Pulmonale - S/S | Progressive shortness of breath, especially with exertion; fatigue, palpitations, atypical chest pain, LE swelling, dizziness, syncope |
| Core Pulmonale - Treatment | Supplemental oxygen to keep greater than 90% or 60 mm Hg; diuretics and anticoagulants |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Description | Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to atheromatous plaques that decrease blood flow. |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Etiology | Damage or injury to inner layer of artery; Fatty plaques and waste accumulate at site of injury; If it ruptures platelets will cluster; Risk factors: high LDL, low HDL, Diabetes II, smoking, obesity and inactivity, genetics, HTN, and hypothyroid |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - S/S | Angina, shortness of breath, heart attack; severity depends on severity of blockage; >70% of lumen is occluded before most s/s are experienced |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Treatment | Smoking cessation, weight loss, heart healthy diet, regular exercise, control of HTN and diabetes; Drugs: anti-platelet agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and statins; Surgery: angioplasty and coronary artery bypass |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - Description | Blood clot formation in 1+ of the deep veins, usually LE. Can break off and become an embolism in lungs, pancreas, etc. |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - Etiology | Any impairment to normal circulation or blood clotting; prolonged sitting or laying; genetics; injury/surgery; pregnancy; cancer; birth control; hormone replacement; obesity; smoking |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - S/S | 50% of cases are asymptomatic; Can have swelling, pain, redness and warmth in affected leg. |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - Treatment | Prevent progression and embolism; anticoagulants; thrombolytic agents; compression stockings |
| Heart Failure - Description | AKA Congestive Heart Failure; Progressive condition; the heart cannot maintain cardiac output to meet demand; ventricles weaken and dilate; typically begins with L ventricle; congestive refers to blood backing up in other vital organs |
| Heart Failure - Etiology | Damage/weakness of heart; CAD; HTN; diabetes II; MI; abnormal heart valves; cardiomyopathy |
| Heart Failure - S/S | Shortness of breath; fatigue; weakness; swelling of LE and abdomen; rapid/irregular heart beat; persistent cough of wheeze; fluid retention |
| Heart Failure - Treatment | Repair, pace maker, etc; combo of medications, devices and lifestyle change; anticoagulants; anti-hypertensives; digitalis (for contraction); stop smoking; low sodium; weight control; fluid control; limit alcohol; stress reduction; exercise |
| Hypertension - Description | Arterial HTN: adults - sustained BP - 140+ sys or 90+ dias; children - consistently 95+ percentile of BP distribution |
| Hypertension - Etiology | Primary/essential - idiopathic; secondary - identified cause (usually renal disease) |
| Hypertension - S/S | Typically asymptomatic until complications arise with organs; Severe (DBP > 120) - confusion, cortical blindness, hemiparesis, seizures; CNS losses; cardiovascular symptoms (chest pain, dyspnea, etc) and renal problems |
| Hypertension - Treatment | Lifestyle - 30+ min aerobic most days; BMI at 18-25; stop smoking; low sodium; low alcohol; increase produce; decrease fat (saturated fat); Meds - diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors; vasodilator; andgiotenson II inhibitors |
| Hypertension Classifications | Normal - <120/80 Prehypertensive - 120-139/80-89 Stage 1 - 140-159/90-99 Stage 2 - 160+/100+ |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Description | AKA heart attack; Blood flow through 1+ coronary arteries is reduced or stopped; irreversible necrosis to that portion of the myocardium |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Etiology | Ruptured atherosclerotic plaque or blood clot blocks blood flow through coronary artery; spasm of coronary artery (uncommon) |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) - S/S | chest discomfort and pressure, squeezing or pain; shortness of breath; discomfort in upper body (arms, shoulders, neck or back); nausea; vomiting; dizziness; sweating; palpitations |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Treatment | Medication and surgery depending on amount of damage/severity; anticoagulants, thrompolitics, antiHTN, cholesterol lowering, pain killers; angioplasty, stenting, bypass; lifestyle changes |
| Peripheral Artery Disease - Description | Stenotic (abnormal narrowing), occlusive (blockage), and aneurysmal (permanent dilation) diseases of aorta and peripheral arteries |
| Peripheral Artery Disease - Etiology | atherosclerosis; thrombo-embolic processes that affect the structure/function of aorta and it's branches |
| Peripheral Artery Disease - S/S | fatigue, aching, numbness or pain in LE at rest or walking; poorly healing wounds of LE; distal hair loss; trophic skin changes; hypertrophic nails; intermittent claudication |
| Peripheral Artery Disease - Treatment | Asymptomatic - stop smoking, lipid lowering meds, beta blockers, control of diabetes and HTN; supervised exercise 30-45 minutes 3+/week for 12 weeks |
| Intermittent Claudication - Description and Tx | LE pain associated with peripheral artery disease causing disability; revascularization procedures (stenting, lasers, etc), surgery (bypasses), regular supervised exercise |
| Valvular Heart Disease - Description | Damaged heart valve causes blood regurgitation (insufficiency/incompetence) - leaflets weaken and blood leaks backward; or stenosis - leaflets thicken, stiffen or fuse and won't move enough to allow blood through |
| Valvular Heart Disease - Etiology | congenital defects; calcific degeneration; infective endocarditis; CAD; MI; rheumatic fever |
| Valvular Heart Disease - S/S | Varies but may include - heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing, ankle swelling, fatigue |
| Valvular Heart Disease - Treatment | Medications to reduce workload of heart, regulate heart rhythm and prevent clotting - digitalis, diuretics; anti-platelet, anticoagulants, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers; severe - surgery to repair or balloon valve |
Created by:
ashleighobrien
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