Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Intro to Psych Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| psychology | the scientific study of thought and behavior |
| central nervous system | the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord |
| functional MRI | brain imaging technique that uses magnetic field to produce detailed images of actively in areas of the brain and other soft tissues |
| identical twins | twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two independent cells |
| fraternals twins | twins the develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm |
| neurons | The cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system |
| neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse (The space in between the neurons) |
| somatic nervous system | nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system that transmit sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS) and those that transmit information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | all the nerves of the peripheral nervous system that serve involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands |
| peripheral nervous system | the part of the nervous system that comprises all the nerve cells in the body outside the central nervous system |
| MRI | brin imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the structure of the brain and other soft tissues |
| EEG | a method for measuring brain activity in which electrical activity of the brain is recorded from electrodes placed on a person's scalp |
| sympathetic nervous system | Flight or Fight response during stressful situations. Automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion |
| parasympathetic nervous system | Calms the body, conserving its energy. Provides homeostasis (same) |
| egocentrism | viewing the world from one's own perspective and not being capable of seeing things from another person's perspective |
| conservation | recognition that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant |
| formal operational stage | The formal operational stage begins at age eleven and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses |
| object permanence | the ability to realize that objects will still exist when they are not being sensed |
| concrete operational stage | Marks the beginning of logical or operational thought. Child can work things out in their head. Conservation is the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes |
| preoperational stage | Children are able to start thinking about things symbolically. This is the ability to make one thing stand for something other than itself. Infant still has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others |
| sensorimotor stage | The main focus is object permanence which is knowing an object exists, even if it is hidden. It requires the ability to form a mental representation of the object. |
| preconventional level | Focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards (Children) |
| conventional level | The person starts to value caring, trust, and relationships, as well as the social order and lawfulness (Adolescents) |
| postconventional level | Person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules (Adults) |
| attention | The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control |
| awareness | Refers to the monitoring of information from the environment and form one’s own thoughts (ranges from low to high) |
| consciousness | An awareness of one’s surroundings and of what’s in one’s mind at a given moment; includes aspects of being awake and aware |
| hypnosis | A therapeutic technique in which clinicians make suggestions to individuals who have undergone a procedure designed to relax them and focus their minds. |
| meditation | Practices that people use to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, focus attention, and enhance awareness of the present moment |
| REM | Stage 1 turns into REM sleep First episode 8-10 min. Long Process repeats non REM 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, REM Progressive Cycle, the non REM get shorter and REM gets longer |
| implicit memory | kind of memory made of of knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills that we preform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness |
| explicit memory | knowledge that consists of the conscious recall of facts and events; also knows as declarative memory |
| classical conditioning | Form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response |
| operant conditioning | The process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior |
| social learning theory | a description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others |
| latent learning | learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs |
| extinction | The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of reinforcement |
| generalization | the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli |
| modeling | The imitation of behaviors performed by others |
| primary reinforcers | innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (such as food, water, or sex) |
| secondary reinforcers | Also known as conditioned reinforcers -- reinforcers that are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning (such as money, grades, and peer approval) |
| intelligence | A set of cognitive skills that include abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge. |
| mental age | The equivalent chronological age a child has reached based on his or her performance on an IQ test. |
| general intelligence | also known as g factor -- refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures |
| g-factor theory | Spearman’s theory that intelligence is a single general (g) factor made up of specific components. |
| multiple-factor theory of intelligence | Idea that intelligence consists of distinct dimensions and is not just a single factor. |
| reliability | Consistency of a measurement, such as an intelligence test |
| id | One of Freud’s provinces of the mind; the seat of impulse and desire; the part of our personality that we do not yet own; it owns or controls us |
| ego | One of Freud’s provinces of the mind; a sense of self; the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world: operates on the “reality principle” |
| superego | One of Freud’s provinces of the mind; the part of the self that monitors and controls behavior; “stands over us” and evaluates actions in terms of right and wrong; hence, our conscience |
| personality | The unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual |
| dreams | images, thoughts, and feelings experienced during sleep |
| amnesia | memory loss due to brain injury or disease |
| forgetting | the weakening or loss of memories over time |
| sensory memory | the part of memory that holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about half a second or less |
| short-term memory | the part of memory that temporarily (for 2 or 3 seconds) stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long- term storage or forgotten |
| long-term memory | the part of memory that has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime |
| Memory | the ability to store and use information; also the store of what has been learned and remembered |
| Bipolar disorder | Mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods. |
| dissociative disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness |
| somatoform disorders | Psychological disorders that make bodily or physical form and mmic physical diseases, but have no known physical cause or medical basis |
| schizophrenia | Psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotions, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations. |
| personality disorders | patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence and are maladaptive and inflexible; they are more consistent than clinical disorders |
| PTSD | A type of anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat. |
| Kohlberg’s Levels of Consciousness | Pre - conceptual Conventional post - conceptual |
| Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development | Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational |
| PET | Position emission tomography -- brain imaging technique that measures blood flow to active areas in the brain |
| Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory | Id Ego Superego |
| Conditioning | A form of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment |
| Defense Mechanisms | Unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way |
| Test bias | Characteristic of a test that produces different outcomes for different groups |
| Validity | the degree to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure, such as intelligence, and not something else, and the degree to which it predicts real- world outcomes |
| Test fairness | Judgment about how test results are applied to different groups based on values and philosophical inclinations |
| Wechsler | IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents |
| Binet | quantitive reasoning, visual- spatial processing, and working memory |
| Stage one of sleep | Theta waves, sensory curtain drops, not responsive to the outside world, 5-7 min |
| Stage 2 of sleep | Theta waves show sleep spindles and k-complexes, very short period of time |
| Stage 3 of sleep | Consists of theta waves turning into delta waves |
| Stage 4 of sleep | Delta waves, reverse through stages to stage 1 |
| Thurstone’s Multiple Factors | Intelligence consists of 7 primary mental abilities, including spatial ability, memory, perceptual speed, and word fluency |
| Cattell- Horn- Carroll (CHC) Hierarchical Intelligence | Intelligence can be broken down into 3 levels of ability: General, broad, and narrow |
| Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory | Intelligence is made up of 3 abilities (analytical, creative, and practical) necessary for success |
| Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence | Intelligence includes at least 8 distinct capacities, including musical intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and bodily- kinesthetic intelligence |
| Pre - conceptual | Right and wrong determined by prohibition and punishment self- interest orientation (only cares about themselves, not about others) |
| Conventional | Follows social norms authority and social- order maintaining orientation (Follows the laws) |
| Post - conceptual | Social contract orientation and consciousness building Has respect for others (cares about more than just themselves) |
Created by:
kristaj
Popular Psychology sets