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Pharmacology Test 3.
GI
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| antacids, H2 antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors are | acid-controlling drugs |
| cells of the ____ ____ are largest in number & of primary importance when discussing acid control | gastric gland |
| glands of the stomach include ____, ____, & ____ | cardiac, pyloric, & gastric |
| this is secreted by parietal cells when stimulated by food: it also maintains the stomach at a pH of 1-4: secretion also stimulated by large fatty meals, excessive amounts of alcohol, & emotional stress | hydrochloric acid |
| caused by an imbalance of 3 cells of gastric gland and their secretion | acid-related diseases |
| the most common acid-related disease is called ____ | hyperacidity |
| lay terms for overproduction of HCl by parietal cells include ____, ____ ____, ____, & ____ ____ | indigestion, sour stomach, heartburn, & acid stomach |
| bacterium found in GI tract of 90% of patients w/ duodenal ulcers, & 70% of those with gastric ulcers | Helicobacter pylori |
| these neutralize stomach acid, promote gastric mucosal defense mechanisms, secrete mucus, bicarbonate, & prostaglandins | antacids |
| these do not prevent overproduction of acid, but do neutralize acid once it is in the stomach | antacids |
| this antacid us an aluminum salt: has constipating effects, & is often used with magnesium to counteract the constipation: also used with renal disease (more easily excreted) | Amphojel |
| this antacid is a magnesium salt: commonly causes diarrhea, & is usually used with other drugs to counteract, and is DANGEROUS when used with renal disease patients | Milk of Magnesia |
| this antacid is a calcium salt: it is the most common: long duration of acid action may cause increased gastric acid secretion (hyperactivity rebound) | carbonate (tums) |
| this kind of antacid is highly soluble and buffers the acidic properties of HCl | sodium bicarbonate |
| these relieve painful symptoms associated with gas: they are used to bind or alter intestinal gas | antiflatulents |
| activated charcoal and simethicone are ____ | antiflatulents |
| aluminum and calcium salts cause ____ | constipation |
| magnesium salts cause ____ | diarrhea |
| this kind of antacid produces gas and belching: often combined with simethicone | calcium carbonate |
| chemical binding or inactivation of another drug | chelation |
| antacids increase absorption of ____ drugs | basic |
| antacids decrease absorption of ____ drugs | acidic |
| antacids increase excretion of ____ drugs | acidic |
| antacids decrease excretion of ____ drugs | basic |
| these preexisting conditions restrict the use of antacids: | heart failure, GI obstruction, pregnancy, renal disease, fluid imbalance |
| you want to give other meds __-__ ____ after giving antacid | 1-2 hours |
| antacids may cause premature dissolving of | enteric-coated meds |
| these reduce acid secretion: block histamine at receptors of acid-producing parietal cells: production of hydrogen ions reduced, resulting in decreased production of HCl | histamine type 2 antagonists |
| used to treat GERD, PUD, erosive esophagitis, adjunct therapy in control of upper GI bleeding, pathologic gastric hypersecretory conditions | histamine type 2 antagonists |
| have very few adverse effects: cimetidine may induce impotence & gynecomastia: may cause lethargy, headaches, confusion, diarrhea, urticaria, sweating, flushing | histamine 2 antagonists |
| this H2 antagonist binds with P-450 in liver, results in inhibited oxidation of many drugs & increased drug levels: may inhibit absorption of drugs that require acidic GI environment for absorption | Cimetidine (Tagamet) |
| ____ has been shown to decrease effectiveness of H2 blockers | smoking |
| parietal cells release ____ ____ ____ during HCl production: process is called proton pump | positive hydrogen ions (protons) |
| these bind to H/K pump enzyme, prevents movement of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into stomach, results in achlorhydria | proton pump inhibitors |
| these totally inhibit gastric acid secretion | proton pump inhibitors |
| treats GERD, erosive esophagitis, short-term treatment of active duodenal & benign ulcers, zollinger-ellison syndrome, H.pylori induced ulcers | proton pump inhibitors |
| only proton pump inhibitor for parenteral administration, can be used for patients unable to take oral meds | Pantoprazole |
| may increase serum levels of diazepam, phenytoin, & cause increased chance of bleeding with warfarin | proton pump inhibitors |
| ____ work best when taken 30-50 minutes before meals | proton pump inhibitors |
| little absorption from the gut, may cause constipation, nausea, & dry mouth, may impair absorption of other drugs so give @ least 2 hrs before this drug, do not administer w/ other meds, binds w/ phosphate, may be used in chronic renal failure | sucralfate (Carafate) |
| synthetic prostaglandin analog, used for prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, often produce abdominal cramps, diarrhea | Misoprostol (Cytotec) |
| these have cytoprotective activity: protect gastric mucosa from injury by enhancing local production of mucus or bicarbonate, promote local cell regeneration, & help maintain mucosal blood flow | prostaglandins |
| antiflatulent drug, used to reduce discomfort of gastric or intestinal gas, alters elasticity of mucus-coated gas bubbles, results in decreased gas pain & increased expulsion | simethicone |
| abnormal passage of stools with increased frequency, fluidity, & weight, or w/ increased stool water excretion | diarrhea |
| sudden onset in previously healthy person, lasts from 3 days-2 weeks, self-limiting, resolves without sequelae | acute diarrhea |
| lasts more than 3 weeks: is associated with recurring passage of diarrheal stools, fever, loss of apetite, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and chronic weakness | chronic diarrhea |
| bacterial, viral, drug-induced, nutritional factors, protozoa are all causes of | acute diarrhea |
| tumors, DM, addison's disease, hyperthyroidism, irritable bowel syndrome, and aids are all causes of | chronic diarrhea |
| these antidiarrheals coat walls of GI tract, binds to bacteria or toxin, eliminated through stool: pepto-bismol, kaolin-pectin, activated charcoal, attapulgite | absorbents |
| these antidiarrheal drugs decrease intestinal muscle tone & peristalsis of GI tract, slows movement of fecal matter through GI tract: belladonna alkaloids, atropine, hyoscyamine, hyoscine | antimotility drugs:anticholinergics |
| these antidiarrheal drugs decrease bowel motility & relieve rectal spasms, decrease transit time through bowel, allows more time for water & electrolytes to be absorbed, reduce pain by relief of rectal spasms: paregoric, opium tincture, codeine | antimotility drugs: opiates |
| these antidiarrheal drugs are probiotics or bacterial replacement drugs, bacterial cultures of Lacotbacillus organisms, supplying missing bacteria to the GI tract, suppressing growth of diarrhea-causing bacteria: L.acidophilus (lactinex) | intestinal flora modifiers |
| discourages recreational opiate drug use, large dosage results in extreme anticholinergic effect (dry mouth, abdominal pain, tachycardia, blurred vision) | diphenoxylate with atropine (antidiarrheal combo product) |
| these antidiarrheals increase bleeding time, causes constipation, dark stools, confusion, twitching, hearing loss, tinnitus, metallic taste, blue gums | absorbents |
| this antidiarrheal causes urinary retention, hesitancy, impotence, HA, dizziness, confusion, dry skin, blurred vision, hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, tachycardia, photophobia | anticholinergics |
| this antidiarrheal causes drowsiness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia, palpitations, urinary retention, flushing, urticaria | opiates |
| these decrease absorption of digoxin, clindamycin, quinidine, hypoglycemic drugs | absorbents |
| ____ cause increased bleeding time and bruising when given with anticoagulants | absorbents |
| antacids can decrease effects of ____ antidiarrheal drugs | anticholinergic |
| do not give bismuth subsalicylate to children of teenagers with _____ because of risk of ____ ____ | chickenpox: reye's syndrome |
| use ____ carefully in elderly patients, those with decreased bleeding time, clotting disorders, recent bowel surgery, confusion | absorbents |
| ____ should not be administered to patients with a hx of narrow angle glaucoma, BPH, urinary retention, bladder surgery, cardiac problems, myasthenia gravis | anticholinergics |
| abnormally infrequent & difficult passage of feces through lower GI tract, symptom (not a disease), disorder of movement through the colon &/or rectum, can be caused by a variety of diseases or drugs | constipation |
| these laxatives are high in fiber, absorb water to increase bulk, distend bowel to initiate reflex bowel activity: psyllium (Metamucil), methlycellulose (Citrucel), polycarbophil | bulk forming laxatives |
| these laxatives are stool softeners & lubricants, promote more water & fat in stools, lubricate the fecal matter & intestinal walls: docusate salts (Colace, Surfak), mineral oil | emollient laxatives |
| these laxatives increase fecal water content, results in bowel distention, increased peristalsis, & evacuation: polyethylene glycol (GoLYTELY), sorbitol, glycerin, lactulose | hyperosmotic laxatives |
| these laxatives increase osmotic pressure in intestinal tract, causes more water to enter intestines, results in bowel distention, increased peristalsis, & evacuation: magnesium sulfate (epsom salts), magnesium hydroxide (MOM), magnesium citrate, s | saline laxatives |
| thses laxatives increase peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation: castor oil, senna, cascara, bisacodyl | stimulant laxatives |
| these laxatives are used to treat acute and chronic constipation, IBS, & diverticulosis | bulk forming laxatives |
| these laxatives are used to treat acute and chronic constipation, softening of fecal impaction, facilitation of BMs in anorectal conditions | emollient laxatives |
| these laxatives are used to treat chronic constipation, diagnostic and surgical preps | hyperosmotic laxatives |
| these laxatives are used to treat constipation, diagnostic and surgical preps, removal of helminths and parasites | saline laxatives |
| these laxatives treat acute constipation and used for diagnostic and surgical bowel prep | stimulant laxatives |
| these laxatives can cause impaction, fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, & esophageal blockage | bulk forming laxatives |
| these laxatives can cause skin rashes, decreased absorption of vitamins, electrolyte imbalances | emollient laxatives |
| these laxatives cause abdominal bloating and electrolyte imbalances | hyperosmotic laxatives |
| these laxatives cause magnesium toxicity w/ renal insufficiency, cramping, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalances | saline laxatives |
| these laxatives cause nutrient malabsorption, gastric irritation, rectal irritation, skin rashes, electrolyte imbalances | stimulant laxatives |
| give with water due to interactions with milk, antacids, and juices | bisacodyl & cascara sagrada |
| an unpleasant feeling that often produces vomiting | nausea |
| forcible emptying of gastric & occasionally intestinal contents | emesis (vomiting) |
| used to relieve nausea and vomiting | antiemetic drugs |
| bind to & block acetylcholine receptors in inner ear labyrinth, blocks transmission of nauseating stimuli to chemoreceptor trigger zone, blocks transmission of nauseating stimuli from reticular formation to vomiting center | anticholinergic drugs (ACh blockers) |
| this drug is also used for motion sickness | scopolamine |
| inhibit ACh by binding to histamine type 1 receptors, prevent cholinergic stimulation in vestibular & reticular areas, prevents nausea & vomiting, used for motion sickness, nonproductive cough, allergy symptoms, sedation | antihistamine drugs: histamine type 1 receptor blockers |
| dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, Meclizine, promethazine | antihistamine drugs: histamine type 1 receptor blockers |
| block dopamine receptors on chemoreceptor trigger zone, used for psychotic disorders, intractable hiccups: chlorpromazine, promethazine, perphenazine | neuroleptic drugs |
| block dopamine in chemoreceptor trigger zone, cause chemoreceptor trigger zone to be desensitized to impulses it receives from GI tract, stimulate peristalsis in GI tract, enhances emptying of stomach contents, used for delayed gastric emptying | prokinetic drugs |
| metoclopramide (Reglan), cisapride | prokinetic drugs |
| block serotonin receptors in GI tract, chemoreceptor trigger zone, & vomiting center, used for N & V in patients receiving chemotherapy & for postoperative N & V: Dolasetron, Granisetron, Ondansetron | serotonin blockers |
| major psychoactive substance in marijuana: inhibitory effects on reticular formation, thalamus, cerebral cortex: alters mood & body's perception of its surrounding: used for N & V assoc. w/ chemotherapy: used for anorexia assoc. w/ weight loss in AIDS pts | tetrahydrocannibinoids (dronabinol->Marinol) |
| this vitamin is essential for night & normal vision: necessary for reproduction, integreity of mucosal & epithelial surfaces, cholesterol & steroid synthesis | Vitamin A |
| this vitamin is used as dietary supplements for infants & pregnant women, deficiency states such as hyperkeratosis of skin, night blindness, and skin conditions such as acne, psoriasis, keratosis follicularis | Vitamin A |
| too much of this vitamin causes irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, increased intracranial pressure in infants, generalized peeling of skin & erythema over several weeks | Vitamin A |
| this vitamin is fat soluble, called the sunshine vitamin, responsible for proper utilization of calcium & phosphorus, a group of analog steroid chemicals | Vitamin D |
| this is plant Vitamin D, obtained through dietary sources | Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) |
| this is produced in the skin by ultraviolet irradiation (sunshine) | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
| fish oils, salmon, sardines, herring, fortified milk, breads, cereals, animal livers, tuna fish, eggs, butter -> endogenous synthesis in the skin | Vitamin D2-containg foods |
| this vitamin regulates absorption of & use of calcium & phosphorus & is necessary for normal calcification of bone & teeth: used for prevention of osteoporosis: used for long-term deficiency such as rickets, tetany, osteomalacia | Vitamin D |
| too much of this vitamin can cause HTN, weakness, fatigue, HA, GI tract effects, CNS effects | Vitamin D |
| calcifediol (Calderol), calcitriol (Rocaltrol), dihydrotachysterol (Hytakerol, DHT), ergocalciferol (Calciferol) | forms of Vitamin D |
| this vitamin is fat soluble, biologic function is unknown, believed to act as an antioxidant: found in fruits, grains, cereals, vegetables, oils, wheat germ, eggs, chicken, meats, fish | Vitamin E |
| highest risk of deficiency of this vitamin is found in premature infants | Vitamin E |
| this vitamin has very few acute side effects including GI effects, CNS effects | Vitamin E |
| this vitamin is fat soluble, 3 types, found in green leafy veggies, meats, milk, synthesized by intestinal flora, essential for synthesis of blood coagulation factors in the liver | Vitamin K |
| Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors include | II, VII, IX, X (2,7,9,10) |
| vitamin is used for dietary supplementation, antibiotic therapy, newborn infants, malabsorption, reverses the effects of warfarin | Vitamin K |
| phytonadione, AquaMEPHYTON | Vitamin K1 |
| thiamine | Vitamin B1 |
| riboflavin | Vitamin B2 |
| niacin | Vitamin B3 |
| pantothenic acid | Vitamin B5 |
| pyridoxine | Vitamin B6 |
| folic acid | Vitamin B9 |
| Cyanocobalamn | Vitamin B12 |
| these vitamins can dissolve in water, excessive amounts excreted in urine, not stored in body, toxic reactions are rare, act as coenzymes or oxidation-reduction agents | water soluble vitamins |
| this vitamin is water soluble, found in enriched whole grains, liver, beans, yeast | Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) |
| a vitamin B1 deficiency: brain lesions, polyneropathy of peripheral nerves, serous effusions, cardiac anatomic changes | Beriberi |
| Vitamin B1 deficiency: cerebral beriberi | Wernicke's encephalopathy |
| poor diet, extended fever, hyperthyroidism, kiver dz, alcoholism, malabsorption, pregnancy & breast-feeding cause | vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency |
| this vitamin is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and many metabolic pathways, including Krebs cycle: maintains integrity of peripheral nervous system, CV, GI tract | Vitamin B1 (thiamine) |
| alcoholism is a major cause of this vitamin deficiency: found in leafy green veggies, eggs, dairy products, nuts, legumes, meats, liver, yeast: deficiency results in cutaneous, oral, and corneal changes: cheilosis, seborrheic dermatitis, keratitis | vitamin B2 (riboflavin) |
| this vitamin is converted into enzymes essential for tissue respiration, required to activate vitamin B6, converts tryptophan into niacin, and maintains erythrocyte integrity | vitamin B2 (riboflavin) |
| this vitamin is water soluble, found in beans, turkey, tuna, liver, yeast, enriched whole-grain breads, wheat germ: also synthesized from tryptophan | vitamin B3 (niacin) |
| once ingested, this vitamin is converted to nicotinamide: nicotinamide is is converted to 2 enzymes: these enzymes are required for glycogenolysis, tissue respiration, lipid, protein, & purine metabolism | vitamin B3 (niacin) |
| this vitamin is an antihyperlipidemic drug: it lowers serum cholesterol & triglyceride levels by reducing VLDL synthesis: doses required for this effect are higher than those required for nutritional & metabolic effects | vitamin B3 (niacin) |
| water soluble vitamin, found in whole grains, wheat germ, yeast, fish, organ meats, poultry, meats, eggs, peanuts, veggies, bananas: composed of 3 compounds, pyridoxine, pryidoxal, pyridoxamine | vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
| vitamin necessary for many metabolic functions, protein, lipid, & carbdohydrate utilization, conversion of tryptophan to niacin: necessary for integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes, hematopoietic system | vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
| sideroblastic anemia, neurologic disturbances, seborrheic dermatitis, cheilosis, xanthurenic aciduria, glossitis, stomatits, epileptiform convulsions, hypochromic microcytic anemia | signs and symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency |
| inadequate intake, poor absorption, uremia, alcoholism, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, heart failure, drug-induced are all causes of | vitamin B6 deficiency |
| water soluble vitamin, synthesized by microorganisms present in the body, found in liver, kidney, fish, shellfish, dairy foods, eggs, blue cheese, fortified cereals, contained in minimal amounts in plants | vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) |
| vitamin is present as 2 different coenzymes: required for many metabolic pathways: fat & carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, growth, cell replication, hematopoiesis, nucleoprotein & myelin synthesis | vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) |
| deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to ____ ____ & ____ ____ | neurologic damage: pernicious anemia |
| deficiency states of vitamin B12 are caused by ____ and ____ ____ ____ | malabsorption: poor dietary intake (vegetarians) |
| oral absorption of vitamin B12 requires presence of the ____ ____ | intrinsic factor |
| the intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted from the ____ ____ ____ | gastric parietal cells |
| the extrinsic & intrinsic factors form a complex that is then absorbed by the ____ | intestines |
| water soluble vitamin, found in citrus fruits, juices, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, spinach, brussel sprouts, cabbage, green peppers, liver, can be synthesized | vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
| vitamin acts in oxidation-reduction reactions, required for collagen synthesis, maintenance of connective tissue, tissue repair, maintenance of bone, teeth, & capillaries, folic acid metabolism, erythropoiesis | Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
| vitamin enhances absorption of iron, required for synthesis of lipids, proteins, steroids, aids in cellular respiration, aids in resistance to infections | vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
| gingivitis & bleeding gums, loss of teeth, anemia, subcutaneous hemmorhage, bone lesions, delayed healing of soft tissues and bones all results because of | deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
| used for prevention & treatment of scurvy, is a urinary acidifier | vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
| megadoses of this vitamin may cause N & V, HA, abdominal cramps, acidified urine, with possible stone formation | vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
| inorganic elements or salts, bind w/ enzymes or other organic molecules, help to regulate many body functions, building blocks for many body structures, required for intracellular & extracellular body fluid electrolytes, macrominerals, microminerals | minerals |
| most abundant mineral element in body, accounts for 2% of body weight, highest concentration in bones and teeth, efficient absorption requires adequate amounts of vitamin D | calcium |
| mineral found in milk and dairy products, fortified cereals, sardines, salmon | calcium |
| these requirements are high for growing children and women who are pregnant or breast-feeding | calcium |
| mineral essential for normal maintenance & function of nervous, muscular, skeletal systems, call membrane & capillary permeability, catalyst in many enzymatic reactions, essential for transmission of nerve impulses, renal function, respiration, blood coag | calcium |
| osteoporosis, adult osteomalacia, infantile rickets are all conditions associated with | calcium deficiency |
| inadequate intake of calcium of vitamin d, hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome are all causes of | calcium deficiency |
| anorexia, N & V, constipation, cardiac irregularities, delirium, coma | calcium toxicity (hypercalcemia) |
| mineral: one of the principal cations of intracellular fluid, essential for enzyme systems associated w/ energy metabolism: required for nerve physiology and muscle contraction | magnesium |
| mineral found in green leafy veggies, meats, seafood, milk, cheese, yogurt, bran cereal, nuts: required in higher amounts in those with diets high in protein-rich foods, calcium, & phosphorous | magnesium |
| malabsorption, alcoholism, long-term IV feedings, diuretics, metabolic disorders are all causes of | magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia) |
| anticonvulsant in deficiency, used in preeclampsia and ecclampsia, tocolytic drug for inhibition of uterine contractions in premature labor | magnesium |
| tendon reflex loss, difficult bowel movements, CNS depression, respiratory distress, heart block, hypothermia | effects due to hypermagnesemia |
| mineral widely distributed in milk, yogurt, cheese, peas, meat, fish, eggs: dietary deficiency is rare | phosphorous |
| mineral, building block for body structures, required for synthesis of nucleic acid,ADP,AMP,ATP, responsible for cellular energy transfer, necessary for development & maintenance of skeletal system & teeth | phosphorous |
| diarrhea, N & V, GI disturbances, confusion, weakness, breathing difficulties are al adverse effects of ____ | phosphorous |
| trace element, essential in metabolic reactions of proteins & carbs, important for normal tissue growth & repair, found in red meats, liver, oysters, eggs, dairy, beans, nuts, whole grains | zinc |
| dietary products used to provide nutritional support, can be given in a variety of ways, vary in amounts & complexity of carbohydrates, protein, & fat content, electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, & osmolality may vary | nutrition supplements |
| provision of food or nutrients through the GI tract: oral consumption is the most common & least invasive route: feeding tubes through various routes can be used for this | enteral nutrition |
| nutrients are delivered directly into the circulation by means of IV solution: the entire GI system is bypassed, eliminating the need for absorption, metabolism, or bowel elimination | parenteral nutrition |
| provide the basic building blocks for anabolism, supply complete dietary needs through GI tract by oral route or by feeding tube | enteral formulation groups |
| minimum digestion needed: residual is minimal: used for malabsorption, partial bowel obstruction, IBS, hyperosmolarity of formulas may cause GI problems: vivonex plus, peptamen, vital hn | enteral formulation group: elemental |
| preferred over elemental formulations for patients with fully functional GI tracts & few specialized nutrient requirements: cause fewer GI problems: complete, ensure, ensure-plus, isocal, osmolite, sustacal | enteral formulation group: polymeric |
| three types: carbohydrate (moducal & polycose), fat (MCT oil, microlipid), protein (Casec, Promod, stresstein): single nutrient formula, can be added to other formulas | enteral formulation group: modular |
| Amin-Aid, Travasorb Renal, Hepatic-Aid, Stresstein, Lonalac: contain varying amounts of specific amino acids, used for pts w/ diseases associated w/ altered metabolism capabilities | enteral formulation group: altered amino acid |
| Glucerna: contains proteins, carbs, fat, sodium, potassium, used in pts w/ impaired glucose intolerance (DM) | enteral formulation group: impaired glucose tolerance |
| enteral nutrition may inactivate some medications such as ____ and nutrient formulations that contain ____ | tetracycline: calcium |
| trace elements of parenteral nutrition include ____,____,____,____ | chromium, iodine, copper, manganese |
| parenteral nutrition that is temporary, short term(less than 2 wks) and dextrose concentration is less that 10% is called | peripheral administration |
| long term use of parenteral nutrition and dextrose concentration us 10 to 50% is called | central administration |
| used to provide nutrients to pts who need more nutrients than present oral intake can provide procedures that restrict oral feedings, anorexia caused by chemotherapy or radiation treatments, GI illnesses that prevent oral food intake, after surgery, | peripheral TPN |
| ____ is the most devastating effect of peripheral TPN | phlebitis |
| delivers total dietary nutrients to pts who require nutritional supplementation, pts who need nutritional support for more that 2 wks, pts who are unable to tolerate large fluid loads | central TPN |
| ____ & ____-____ ____ are the most common adverse effects of central TPN | infection: catheter-induced trauma |
| there is a greater chance for ____ when using central TPN because of larger and more concentrated volumes given | hyperglycemia |
| if TPN is discontinued abruptly, rebound ____ may occur | hypoglycemia |
| cold, clammy skin, dizziness, tachycardia, tingling of the extremities are all signs of ____ | hypoglycemia |
| weak pulse, HTN, tachycardia, confusion, decreased urine output, pitting edema are signs of ____ ____ | fluid overload |
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