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Psychology
Forensics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Crime | An act committed in violation of the law, where the consequence of conviction by a court is punishment. some may even be serious enough for imprisonment. |
| 3 ways of measuring crime | Official statistics, victim surveys and offender surveys |
| figures based on the number of crimes reported and recorded by the police which is then used by the government to inform crime prevention stratagies | Official statistics |
| A questionnaire given to a selection of people asking them what crimes have been committed against them over a certain period of time and whether they have reported them to police. | Victim survey |
| a self-report measure which requires people to record the amount and types of crime they have committed over a specified period. | Offender Survey |
| 2 problems of defining crime | cultural differences and historical differances |
| cultural differences in crime | different cultures may see differant acts as criminal or not criminal. for example having more than one wife is a crime in the UK but is not in cultures where polygamy is practised |
| Historical differences in crime | definitions of crime are altered over time. for example the act of hitting your child was outlawed in 2004 with the children's act. but before then was not considered criminal. |
| also known as criminal profiling, an analytical and behavioral tool which allows investigators to acculturate predict and profile the characteristic of unknown criminals | Offender Profiling |
| investigatiors start with a pre established typology and work down in order to assigne the offenders to one of two groups based on witness accounts and evidence from the crime scene | Top-down approach |
| the two catagoried muderers and rapist can be sorted into according to the top down approcah | organised and disorganised |
| an offender who shows eveidence of planning ,targets a specific victim and is sexually and socially competent with higher than average intelligence | Organised Offender |
| An offender who shows little evidence of planning, leaves clues at the crime scene and tend to be less socially and sexually competent with lower than average intelligence | Disorganised Offender |
| profilers work up from the evidence collected at crime scenes to develop hypothesis about likely characteristics, motivations and social background of the offender | Bottom-up approach |
| a form of bottom-up profiling based on spatial consistency :the idea that an offenders operational base and potential future offences can be revealed by the geographical location of their previous crimes | geographical profiling |
| investigative psychology | A form or bottom-up profiling in which details of the crime scene are matched with statistical analysis of typical offender behavior based on psychological theory's |
| a biological explanation of offending which suggests criminal behavior occurs because offenders are genetic throwbacks or primitive subspecies who are ill -suited to conforming to modern society. | atavistic form |
| who came up with the explanation of atavistic form and when | lombroso 1876 |
| criticism of atavistic form | often critisized for being racist.... characteristics include brown skin , big forehead etc |
| genetic explantion of offending | suggests that offender inherit a gene or combination of genes that predispose them to commiting a crime |
| suopport for genetic explanation of offending | Karl Christiansen..... for 33% concordance rate between mz twins and offending and 12% concordance in DZ twins |
| neural explanation of offending | there may be neural differences between the brains of offenders and non-offenders |
| support fo rneural exaplanation of offending | Raine.....conducted studies of APD (antisocial personality disorder) brains, he found that several had reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex.. the part of the brain which regulates emotional behaviour |
| the four psychological explanations for offender behaaviour | cognitive explanation, psycho-dynamic explanation, Eysenck's theory of criminal personality and differential association theory |
| an explanation for offending that suggests through interaction with others, people learn the values attitudes and motives for criminal behaviour | Differential association theory |
| Eysenck theory, the criminal personality | an individual who scores highly on levels of neuroticism, psychotisism and extroversion. they are hard to condition are cold and unfeeling and are likely to engage in offending behaviour |
| hostile attribution bias | the tendency to judge ambiguous situations , or the actions of others as aggressive when in reality they are not |
| minimization (part of the cognitive explanation for offending) | a type of deception which involves down playing the significance of an event, a common strategy when dealing with guilt. |
| the two psycho dynamic explanations for offending | the inadequate superego and maternal deprivation theory |
| the four aims of custodial sentencing | deterrance , incapacitation, retributution and rehabilitation |
| a judicial sentence determined by a court, where the offender is punished by serving time in prison or in some other therapeutic and/or educational institution such as a psychiatric hospital | Custodial sentencing |
| psychological effects of custodial snetecning | stress and depression, institutionalization, prisonisation |
| what % of UK criminals will re offend within 1 year of release? | 57% |
| restorative Justice | A system for dealing with criminal behavior focusing on the rehabilitation of the offender through reconciliation with thevictims |
| Anger Managment | A form of CBT in s therapuetic programme that involves identifying the signs that trigger anger as well as learning techniques to help calm down and deal with the situation in a positive way |
Created by:
Madz99
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