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118 Final
Unit 1, 2, 6
| WTF is this? | No shit Sherlock |
|---|---|
| When were x-rays discovered? By whom? | 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
| (+/-) Charge of __ keeps electron cloud together? | Negative (-) charge of Focusing Cup |
| __ is electric motor made of electromagnet pairs? __ turns the Target? | Stator, Rotor |
| 3 Functions of Glass Envelope? | 1 Create Vacuum, 2 Insulation from shock, 3 Dissipates heat to insulating oil |
| Leakage radiation regulated limit? | 100 mR/hr at 1 meter |
| What unit measures Tube Current? | mA |
| __ is when x-rays are produced they fly off in spherical patterns? | Isotropic Emission |
| What is the source of ELECTRONS in the tube? What is the source of X-RAYS? | Filament (electrons), Target (x-rays) |
| Large Focal Spot provides more DETAIL, and uses MORE Energy than small focal spot (T/F)? | False - Large more energy, LESS detail |
| During Ionization, what is left after an electron is knocked out of orbit? | Ion Pair remains (+ Atom, - Free Electron) |
| 2 x-ray producing Interactions of electrons at Target? | Bremsstrahlung & Characteristic |
| Interaction that results from lost kinetic energy? Is this Ionizing or Nonionizing? | Brems - Nonionizing |
| Interactions responsible for High Energy Photons? (Most x-rays are __) | Bremsstrahlung |
| X-ray photons created by inner shell electrons being ejected? Are they Ionizing or Nonionizing? | Characteristic - Ionizing |
| __ is when an electron is ejected from orbit/shell? | Ionization |
| What kVp required for Characteristic Interactions at Target? | 69.5+ |
| Interaction responsible for low energy x-rays? | Characteristic |
| How does kVp affect QUALITY of x-rays? How does kVp affect QUANTITY? | ↑ kVp = ↑ Penetrability, only Influences Quantity |
| What does mA measure? How does it affect QUANTITY of x-rays? | mA = Tube Current, ↑ mA = ↑ electrons/Quantity |
| Total Tube Filtration must be __ ? | +2.5 mm Al @ 70 kVp |
| Tube Filtration lowers OCCUPATIONAL dose (T/F)? | False - ↓ Patient dose |
| Line Focus Principle states Effective focal spot LARGER than Actual focal spot (T/F)? | False - Effective Smaller |
| Heat Unit Formula | HU = mA x time x kVp x generator factor |
| 3 Phase generator factor? High Frequency GF? | 1.35, HF 1.4 |
| Varying parts absorb x-rays differently, allowing __ to create structurally representative images. | Differential Absorption |
| High atomic # has more absorbing power creating MORE radiographic density (T/F)? | False - More absorbent = Less Density |
| More Differential Absorption = (High/Low) Density = (High/Low) Brightness? | Low Density, High Brightness |
| Structures that appear with Low Density or High Brightness have (More/Less) Absorption? | More Absorption |
| As x-ray photons pass through matter, what 3 processes Attenuate the beam? | Transmission, Photo Electric Absorption, Compton Scatter |
| 4 factors affecting Beam Attenuation? | Tissue thickness, Type of tissue, Tissue Density, Beam quality |
| Tissue Thickness affects Beam Attenuation at what rate? | -50% for each 4-5 cm |
| __ interactions, which are Nonionizing with no energy transfer, occur with x-ray photons below 10 KeV? | Coherent Scatter (photon w matter) |
| __ interactions of photons that convert incident matter into a Positron & a Negatron? Occur at what energy level? | Pair Production, +1 MeV |
| In regards to radiographic quality, what impacts Visibility? | Contrast & Density/Brightness |
| In regards to radiographic quality, what impacts Sharpness? | Recorded Detail & Distortion |
| High kVp increases __ & __ ? High kVp decreases __ & __? | ↑ Transmission & Scatter = ↓ Absorption & Contrast |
| kVp controlling factor for both Digital and Film CONTRAST (T/F)? | True |
| __ is IR's ability to differentiate btwn objects with similar subject contrast? | Contrast Resolution (system can see diffs) |
| __ refers to the smallest object a digital system can detect? | Spatial Resolution |
| Size Distortion (or __ ) is affected by __ & __ ? | Magnification - SID & OID |
| Type of Shape Distortion when part is misaligned? | Foreshortening |
| Type of Shape Distortion when Tube or IR are misaligned? | Elongation |
| __ has greatest effect on Size Distortion? | OID |
| ↑ OID = __ Magnification | ↑ OID = ↑ Mag |
| ↑ SID = __ Magnification | ↑ SID = ↓ Mag |
| Type of Image Artifact that is more BLACK? | Plus Density Artifact |
| Type of Image Artifact that is more BRIGHT? | Minus Density Artifact |
| __ refers to the crispness of lines on a radiograph? | Recorded Detail |
| Higher Spatial Resolution with SMALLER Pixels & LARGER Matrix size (T/F)? | True (↑ Matrix = ↓ Pixel = ↑ Resolution) |
| __ determines the number of shades of gray a pixel can display? | Bit Depth |
| __ is the distance btwn 2 adjacent pixels' center points? | Pixel Pitch |
| 4 factors affecting Exposure Index (EI) | mAs, kVp, total area irradiated, object exposed |
| What stores the latent image on film? | Latent imaging centers of Film Emulsion |
| General range for Optical Densities? Diagnostic range for Optical Densities? | Gen 0-4, Diagnostic .5-2 |
| __ is the unique graphic display of the distribution of pixel values extracted from the IR for an image? | Histogram |
| __ is the PSP Reader's ability to read & differentiate exposed & unexposed areas of a plate (Collimation lines)? | Exposure Field Recognition |
| The PSP reader will overcompensate for Poor Collimation & Alignment by __ , which reduces __ ? | Reading the whole plate reduces Image Quality |
| When Exposure Field Recognition within the PSP Reader works properly, __ are recognized and image data field is well defined? | Field Margins |
| For DR panels, the exposure field edge is recognized as __ ? | Well-defined boundary (End of DEL values) |
| The X axis of a Histogram represents __ ? The Y axis represents? | X - Receptor Exposure, Y - # of pixels at each value |
| 2 formats of reference Histograms? | A Priori & Neural |
| (A Priori/Neural) Histograms compare 2+ predefined ranges & selects closest match? (A Priori/Neural) Histograms compare the range of values btwn the greatest & least attenuators? | Neural (2+), A Priori |
| This type of A Priori Histogram uses BONE as the greatest attenuator and the SKIN MARGIN (Outer surface of pt) as least attenuator? | Type 1 - Bone & Skin Margin |
| This type of A Priori Histogram uses BONE as the greatest attenuator and has no skin margin so uses ex. Intestinal Gas as least attenuator? | Type 2 - No Skin Margin, Bone highest |
| This type of A Priori Histogram reproduces an image SANS SIGNIFICANT attenuator? | Type 3 - Ignores Sig. Atten. like Barium/prosthetics |
| This type of histogram analysis compares predefined data to recently exposed data, comparing multiple to find a match? | Neural Histogram |
| The process of matching the captured image PIXEL values to standardized values is __ ? | Automatic Rescaling |
| __ refers to gradual increases in patient dose through technique compensation (undetectable on radiograph)? | Dose Creep |
| This final step in Histogram Analysis sets the gray scale, or contrast range, by changing linear representation to a curve & by changing the pixel values to ideal level? | Look-up Table (LUT) |
| Histograms and Look-up Tables are uniquely specific to anatomy (T/F)? | True |
| Requirements for MONITORS for Soft Copy Viewing of digital images? | Minimum 256 shades of gray (8 bit) & 2.5 lp/mm |
| __ sets the midpoint for the Range of Brightness displayed on a monitor? (↑ __ = ↑ Brightness) | Window Level |
| __ controls the DISPLAY of contrast? | Window Width |
| (Wide/Narrow) Window Width displays many grays, lower contrast? (Wide/Narrow) Window Width displays few grays? | Wide - Long Scale, Narrow - Short Scale |
| Post processing... | |
| __ is the computer system that manages images? __ is the system for patient medical records? | PACS, RIS/HIS (pt med info) |
| __ regulates PACS communications with other modalities? | DICOM - Dig Imaging and Communication in Medicine |
| __ regulates communication standards for patient medical information? | HL7 - Health Level Seven Standard |
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RadTechTKD
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