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Neurospychology
organisation of the nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 major branches of the nervous system? | the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
| What does the central nervous system consist of? | the brain and the spinal chord |
| What does the CNS do? | Mediates behavious |
| What does the PNS do? | nerves that carry signal to and from the brain and spinal chord |
| What does the PNS consist of? | the somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
| What does the somatic nervous system do? | transmits incoming sensory info to the CNS (eg vision, pain, touch etc) and the position and movement of body parts, and produces movements in response |
| what does the autonomic system do? | parasympathetic = rest and digest (calming) sympathetic = fight or flee (arousing) |
| What are the 4 support and protection systems of the CNS? | 1. the skull and vertebrae 2. the triple layer of menges (dura, arachnoid and pia) 3. cerobrospinal fluid 4. blood brain barrier |
| what are the 2 types of neurons? | sensory (afferent)- conducts signals from recpetors to CNS interneurons and motor (efferent) - conducts signals from the CNS to effectors such as mucles |
| What is gray matter made up of? | cell bodies and capilaries |
| What is white matter made up of? | axons- mylenated |
| The major strucures of the CNS and their levels of functions | forebrain= cognitive processes brainstem: regulatory functions spinal cord = reflexive motor functions |
| What is the brain stem's functions? | mediate a variety of regulatory functions |
| Where is the brainstem located? | Just above the spinal cord where it enters the skill and extends up into the lower areas of teh forebrain |
| WHat are the three main areas of the brain stem | the hind brain, the midbrain and the dycephalon |
| What can happen if the brainstem is damaged? | Coma or death |
| What are parts of the hindbrain? | Cerebellum reticular formation pons medulla |
| What are the functions of the Cerebellum? | motor coordination, motor learning, balance, posture |
| What can happen when the Cerebellum is damaged? | equilibrium problems, postural defects and impaired skilled motor activity |
| What are the functions of the pons? | nuclei within the pons bridge inputs from cerebellum to the rest of the brain vital body movements |
| What are the functions of the medulla? | regulates vital functions such as breathing and functioning of the cardiovascular system |
| What happens when the medula is damages? | stops breathing and heart function. can = death |
| what are the subdivsions of the midbrain? | tectum tegmentum |
| What are the functions of the tectum? | receives sensory infro from the eyes and ears? |
| what are the structures in the tectum that receives projections from the eyes and ears. | superior colliculi = eyes inferior colliculu = ears |
| What behaviours are mediated by the colloculi? | locating objects in suroundinf space and orienting thise visual or auditory objects |
| Where is the tectum located. | posterior - roof |
| where is the tegmentum located? | the anterior- floor |
| WHat are the functions of the tegmentum? | related to motor structures |
| What are the structures of the tegmentum? | red nucleus = limb movement substantia nigra = connects to forebrain - NB for rewarding behaviors periaqueductal gray matter - species typical behvaiour and pain responses |
| Where is the diencephalon located? | at the junction of the midbrain and forbrain |
| What are the structures of the diencephalon? | the hypothalamus, epithalamus and thalamus |
| Where is the hypothalamus located? | Lower room - anterior |
| What are the functions of the hypothalamus? | almost all aspects of motivated behavior - feeding, sex, sleeping, temperature, emotional behavior and movement connects to the pituitary gland = endocrine functions |
| Where is the epithalamus located? | posterior = upper room |
| What are the functions of the epithalamus? | daily and seasonal body rhythms = contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin habenula = regulated hunger and thirst |
| Where is the thalamus located? | inner room |
| What is the role of the thalamus? | almost all the info the cortex perceived is first relayed through here like the hub interconnecting many brain regions |
| What are the structures of the forebrain | basal ganlia, libic system, cerebral cortex |
| Where is the basal ganglia located? | beneath the anterior ragions of teh cortex. subcortical |
| What are the structures in the basal ganglai? | Putamen globus pallidus caudate nucleus - receives projections from all areas of teh cortex and sends own projections through putamen and globus pallidus also has connections with substantia nigra |
| Functions of basal ganglia | movement and learning |
| What are the disorders of the basal ganglia? | Parkinson's - degeneration of neurons in substantia nigra that produce dopamine Hutingtons - death of cless Tourettes |
| What are the functions of the limbic system> | self-regulatory behaviours, emotions, personal memories, spatial behvaiour and social behaviour |
| what are the structures of the limbic system? | amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex |
| Where is the amygdala located? | The base of the temporal lobe |
| What does the amygdala control? | emotion |
| Where is the hippocampus located? | anterior medial region of the temporal lobe |
| What does the hippocampus control? | Personal memory and spatial navigation |
| Where is the cingulate cortex located? | Just above thecorpus callosum along the medial walls of teh cerebral hemispheres |
| What does the cingulate cortex control? | Sexual behvaiour and other social interactions |
| Boundaries of the frontal lobes | posterialy = central sulcus inferior = lateral fissure mediallly = cingulate sulcus |
| Parietal lobe boundaries | anerior = central sulcus inferior = lateral fissure |
| Bounderies of temporal lobes | dorsally = lateral fissure |
Created by:
Jem S
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