Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 9
Understanding Psychology by Richard A. Kasschau, Ph.D.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| classical conditioning | a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditioned response |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | an organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned response (CR) | the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus |
| generalization | responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli |
| discrimination | the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli |
| extinction | the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence |
| reinforcement | stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| primary reinforcer | stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water |
| secondary reinforcer | stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer |
| fixed-ratio schedule | a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained |
| variable-ratio schedule | a pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained |
| fixed-interval schedule | a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amout of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement |
| variable-interval schedule | a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amouts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement |
| shaping | technique in which the desired behavior is "molded" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior befor giving the reward |
| response chain | learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next |
| aversive control | process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
| negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
| escape conditioning | training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus |
| avoidance conditioning | training of an organism to withdraw from or prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it starts |
| social learning | process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
| cognitive learning | form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
| cognitive map | a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events |
| latent learning | alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior |
| learned helplessness | condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable |
| modeling | learning by imitating others; copying behavior |
| behavior modification | systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings |
| token economy | conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards |
Created by:
yojava
Popular Psychology sets