Sarcoplasmic reticulum is:

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ch 17 & 18

Question	Answer
Movement, heat production, and posture are all general functions of what kind of tissue?	Muscle tissue
The skeletal muscle fiber characteristic of excitability directly results in these cells being capable of:	responding to nerve signals
The correct order of arrangement of skeletal muscle cells, from largest to smallest is:	fibers, myofibril, myofilament
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is:	the muscle fibers version of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Troponin and tropomyosin are what kind of proteins?	myofilament proteins
the contractile unite of a myofibril is the ____	sarcomere
the chief function of the T tubule is to ____	allow the electrical signal to move deep into the cell
Myosin heads are also called:	cross-bridges
During muscle contraction, Ca++ is released from the:	sarcoplasmic reticulum
the region of a muscle fiber where a motor neuron connects to the muscle fiber is called the:	motor endplate
the principle components of a motor unit are:	one somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron
the staircase phenomenon is also known as:	treppe
Skeletal muscles are innervated by:	somatic motor neurons
During isometric contractions, muscle length _____	remains constant
physiologic muscle fatigue is caused by:	relative lack of ATP
Increase in muscles size is called:	hypertrophy
endurance training is also called:	aerobic training
____ muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow organs	smooth muscle tissue
____ muscle tissue contains many nuclei near the sarcolemma	skeletal muscle tissue
____ muscle tissue is voluntary	skeletal muscle tissue
____ muscle tissue is not striated	smooth muscle tissue
____ muscle tissue is striated and contains a singe nucleus	cardiac muscle tissue
____ muscle tissue has a principle function: peristalsis	smooth muscle tissue
____ muscle tissue has larger-diameter T tubules that form diads with sarcoplasmic reticulum	cardiac muscle tissue
____ muscle tissue has three principle functions: movement of bones, heat production, and posture	skeletal muscle tissue
____ muscle tissue contains intercalated disks	cardiac muscle tissue
____ has loosely organized sarcoplasmic reticulum	smooth muscle tissue e
muscle strains are characterized by ____	myalgia
crush injuries can cause ____ to accumulate in the blood and result in kidney failure	myoglobin
a viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement is known as ____	poliomyelitis
____ is a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissue	muscle dystrophy
____ is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction	myasthenia gravis
The thick myofilament is made up of ____	myosin
a T tubule sandwiched between sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum is called:	triad
actin, troponin, and tropomyosin are present on the ____ myofilament	thin
what resides within a single sacromere?	the i band
Rigor mortis is caused by a lack of ____ to "turn off" muscle contraction	ATP
the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the ____	sarcolemma
during rest, excess oxygen molecules in the sacroplasm are attracted to a large protein molecule called ____	myoglobin
anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called ____ ____	lactic acid
what contraction is one in which the tone or tension within a muscle remains the same, but the length of the muscle changes	isotonic
one method of studying muscle contraction is called ____	myography
muscles with less tone than normal are described as ____	flaccid
when a muscle does not shorten and no movement results, the contraction is ____	isometric
pushing against a wall is an example of which type of contraction?	isometric
prolonged inactivity causes muscles to shrink in mass, a condition called ____ ____	disuse atrophy
muscle fibers usually contract to about ____% of their starting length	80%
____ muscle lines the walls of many hollow organs	smooth
what is a quick, jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called?	twitch
the energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by ____	ATP
a motor neuron together with the cells it innercates is called a ____ ____	motor unit
if muscle cells are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction will decrease, resulting in ____	fatigue
the minimum level of a stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the ____ ____	threshold stimulus
weakness of abdominal muscles can lead to a ____	hernia
what are the two types of smooth muscle?	visceral and multiunit
cardiac muscle is also known as ____ ____	striated involuntary
what system consists of the brain and spinal cord?	central nervous system
what system is composed of nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord?	peripheral nervous system
what is the PNS subdivision that transmits incoming information from the sensory organs to the CSN	afferent division
what division produces the "fight or flight" response	sympathetic division
what is the subdivision that carries information from the CNS to skeletal muscle?	somatic nervous system
what system is the subdivision of efferent division that transmits information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?	autonomic nervous system
what system consists of all outgoing motor pathways?	efferent nervous system
what division coordinated the body's normal resting activities	parasympathetic division
what cell has the ability of phagocytosis?	microglia
what cell helps to form the blood-brain barrier?	astrocyte
what cell produces fatty myelin sheath in the PNS	Schwann cell
what cell is the largest and most numerous of the neuroglia cells	astrocyte
what cells produces myelin sheath in the CNS	oligodendrocyte
what cell is a type of neuroglia that forms the neurilemma	Schwann cell
what cell is the "star cell"	astrocyte
the disorder of what cell is associated with multiple sclerosis?	oligodendrocyte
axon and dendrites are classified as ____ fibers	nerve
____ conduct impulses toward the cell body	dendrites
a neuron with one axon and several dendrites is a ____ ____	multipolar neuron
which type of neuron lies entirely within the CNS?	interneuron
what sequence best represents the course of an impulse over a reflex arc?	receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
a complete nerve, consisting of numerous fascicles and their blood supply, is held together by a fibrous coat called the:	epineurium
small, distinct regions of gray matter within the CNS are usually called:	nuclei
nerves that contain mostly efferent fibers are called:	motor nerves
gray matter in the CNS consists of:	cell bodies
most nerves in the human nervous system are:	mixed nerves
evidence now indicates that ____ may be replaced	neurons
regeneration of nerve fibers will occur if the cell body is intact and the fibers have a ____	neurilemma
are there any differences between the CNS and PNS concerning the repair of damaged fibers?	yes
____ ____ is a disorder of the nervous system that involves the glia, rather than the neurons	multiple sclerosis
____ is a common type of brain tumor that is usually benign but may still be life-threatening	glioma
a highly malignant form of astrocytic tumor is known as ____ ____	glioblastoma multiforme
an inherited glial disease characterized by numerous benign fibrous neuromas throughout the body is known as ____ ____	neurofibromatosis
most disorders of the nervous system cells involve ___ rather than neurons	glia
the somatic motor division carries information to the ____ muscles	skeletal
incoming sensory pathways are ____	afferent
the ____ division coordinates the body's normal resting activities and is sometimes referred to as the "rest and repair" division	parasympathetic
the myelin sheath is produced by ____ in the CNS	oligodendrocytes
the ____ are found only in peripheral neurons	Schwann cells
myelin sheath gaps are often called ____	nodes of Ranvier
energy for the neuron is provided by ____	mitochondria
myelinated fibers are ____	white
____ lie entirely within the central nervous system	interneurons
all electrical signals that start in receptors ____ invariable travel over a complete reflex arc and terminate in effectors	do not
axon (neurons or neuroglia)	neurons
supporting cells (neurons or neuroglia)	neuroglia
astrocytes (neurons or neuroglia)	neuroglia
sensory (neurons or neuroglia)	neurons
conduct impulses (neurons or neuroglia)	neurons
(neurons or neuroglia) form the myelin sheath around central nerve fibers	neuroglia
phagocytosis (neurons or neuroglia)	neuroglia
efferent (neurons or neuroglia)	neurons
multiple sclerosis (neurons or neuroglia)	neuroglia
multipolar (neurons or neuroglia)	neurons
What is considered the plasma membrane of muscle fiber cells?	Sarcolemma
What is another name for skeletal muscle?	Striated
Thick myofilaments extend the length of what?	A-bands
What is the first step of muscle relaxation?	After the impulse is over, the SR begins actively pumping calcium back into its sac.
What is the second step of muscle relaxation?	As calcium is stripped from toponym molecules in the thin myofilaments, tropomyosin returns to its position and blocks actin's active sites.
What is the third step of muscle relaxation?	Myosin cross bridges are prevented from binding to actin and thus can no longer sustain the contraction
What is the fourth step of muscle relaxation?	Because the thick and thin myofilaments are no longer connected, the muscle fiber my return to its longer, resting length.
Excitability or Irritability is the ability to:	be stimulated
If asked about a neuro transmitter, the answer will be:	Acetylcholine
What transfers energy from fuel to ATP and acts as a "backup" to ATP?	Creatine phosphate
Which catabolic pathway is used for energy when adequate oxygen is available from blood, is slower and produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule, and provides Long term energy rather than short term.	Aerobic Pathways
Which catabolic pathway provides Very rapid energy during first minutes of maximal exercise, occurs when low level of oxygen are available, Results in formation of lactic acid, which requires oxygen to convert back to glucose?	Anaerobic pathways
White fibers are also called:	Fast fibers
Muscle fatigue may be caused by?	ATP
What allows an electrical impulse traveling along a T tubule to stimulate membranes of adjacent sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?	Triad
Each myofibril contains thousands of thick and thin _________	myofilaments
Which type of protein molecules are shaped like two golf clubs twisted together?	Myosin
The myosin head temporarily forms a ______ _______ between the thick and thin filaments	cross bridge
The myosin heads bend with great force, literally pulling the thin filaments past them; this si often called the “_______ ________” of the myosin	Power stroke
Protein that holds tropomyosin molecules in place	Troponin
Globular protein that forms two fibrous strands twisted around each other to form the bulk of the thin filament	Actin
Protein that blocks the active sites on actin molecules	Protein that blocks the active sites on actin molecules
What ion is necessary for cross-bridging?	Calcium
What is a method of graphing the changing tension of a muscle as it contracts?	Myography
Name the three phases of twitch contractions?	Latent, contraction and relaxation
During the ______ phase of the twitch contraction, nerve impulses travel to the SR to trigger the release of calcium	Latent
Most body movements occur as a result of ________ type/types of contractions.	both isotonic and isometric
Where are cardiac muscles found?	Heart
Each _________ muscle contains parallel myofibrils	cardiac

Created by: alucero

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