ch 17 & 18
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| Movement, heat production, and posture are all general functions of what kind of tissue? | Muscle tissue
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| The skeletal muscle fiber characteristic of excitability directly results in these cells being capable of: | responding to nerve signals
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| The correct order of arrangement of skeletal muscle cells, from largest to smallest is: | fibers, myofibril, myofilament
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| Sarcoplasmic reticulum is: | the muscle fibers version of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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| Troponin and tropomyosin are what kind of proteins? | myofilament proteins
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| the contractile unite of a myofibril is the ____ | sarcomere
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| the chief function of the T tubule is to ____ | allow the electrical signal to move deep into the cell
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| Myosin heads are also called: | cross-bridges
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| During muscle contraction, Ca++ is released from the: | sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| the region of a muscle fiber where a motor neuron connects to the muscle fiber is called the: | motor endplate
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| the principle components of a motor unit are: | one somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron
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| the staircase phenomenon is also known as: | treppe
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| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | somatic motor neurons
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| During isometric contractions, muscle length _____ | remains constant
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| physiologic muscle fatigue is caused by: | relative lack of ATP
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| Increase in muscles size is called: | hypertrophy
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| endurance training is also called: | aerobic training
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| ____ muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow organs | smooth muscle tissue
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| ____ muscle tissue contains many nuclei near the sarcolemma | skeletal muscle tissue
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| ____ muscle tissue is voluntary | skeletal muscle tissue
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| ____ muscle tissue is not striated | smooth muscle tissue
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| ____ muscle tissue is striated and contains a singe nucleus | cardiac muscle tissue
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| ____ muscle tissue has a principle function: peristalsis | smooth muscle tissue
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| ____ muscle tissue has larger-diameter T tubules that form diads with sarcoplasmic reticulum | cardiac muscle tissue
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| ____ muscle tissue has three principle functions: movement of bones, heat production, and posture | skeletal muscle tissue
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| ____ muscle tissue contains intercalated disks | cardiac muscle tissue
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| ____ has loosely organized sarcoplasmic reticulum | smooth muscle tissue e
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| muscle strains are characterized by ____ | myalgia
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| crush injuries can cause ____ to accumulate in the blood and result in kidney failure | myoglobin
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| a viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement is known as ____ | poliomyelitis
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| ____ is a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissue | muscle dystrophy
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| ____ is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction | myasthenia gravis
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| The thick myofilament is made up of ____ | myosin
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| a T tubule sandwiched between sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum is called: | triad
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| actin, troponin, and tropomyosin are present on the ____ myofilament | thin
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| what resides within a single sacromere? | the i band
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| Rigor mortis is caused by a lack of ____ to "turn off" muscle contraction | ATP
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| the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the ____ | sarcolemma
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| during rest, excess oxygen molecules in the sacroplasm are attracted to a large protein molecule called ____ | myoglobin
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| anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called ____ ____ | lactic acid
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| what contraction is one in which the tone or tension within a muscle remains the same, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic
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| one method of studying muscle contraction is called ____ | myography
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| muscles with less tone than normal are described as ____ | flaccid
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| when a muscle does not shorten and no movement results, the contraction is ____ | isometric
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| pushing against a wall is an example of which type of contraction? | isometric
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| prolonged inactivity causes muscles to shrink in mass, a condition called ____ ____ | disuse atrophy
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| muscle fibers usually contract to about ____% of their starting length | 80%
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| ____ muscle lines the walls of many hollow organs | smooth
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| what is a quick, jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called? | twitch
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| the energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by ____ | ATP
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| a motor neuron together with the cells it innercates is called a ____ ____ | motor unit
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| if muscle cells are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction will decrease, resulting in ____ | fatigue
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| the minimum level of a stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the ____ ____ | threshold stimulus
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| weakness of abdominal muscles can lead to a ____ | hernia
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| what are the two types of smooth muscle? | visceral and multiunit
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| cardiac muscle is also known as ____ ____ | striated involuntary
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| what system consists of the brain and spinal cord? | central nervous system
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| what system is composed of nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord? | peripheral nervous system
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| what is the PNS subdivision that transmits incoming information from the sensory organs to the CSN | afferent division
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| what division produces the "fight or flight" response | sympathetic division
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| what is the subdivision that carries information from the CNS to skeletal muscle? | somatic nervous system
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| what system is the subdivision of efferent division that transmits information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands? | autonomic nervous system
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| what system consists of all outgoing motor pathways? | efferent nervous system
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| what division coordinated the body's normal resting activities | parasympathetic division
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| what cell has the ability of phagocytosis? | microglia
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| what cell helps to form the blood-brain barrier? | astrocyte
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| what cell produces fatty myelin sheath in the PNS | Schwann cell
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| what cell is the largest and most numerous of the neuroglia cells | astrocyte
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| what cells produces myelin sheath in the CNS | oligodendrocyte
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| what cell is a type of neuroglia that forms the neurilemma | Schwann cell
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| what cell is the "star cell" | astrocyte
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| the disorder of what cell is associated with multiple sclerosis? | oligodendrocyte
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| axon and dendrites are classified as ____ fibers | nerve
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| ____ conduct impulses toward the cell body | dendrites
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| a neuron with one axon and several dendrites is a ____ ____ | multipolar neuron
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| which type of neuron lies entirely within the CNS? | interneuron
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| what sequence best represents the course of an impulse over a reflex arc? | receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
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| a complete nerve, consisting of numerous fascicles and their blood supply, is held together by a fibrous coat called the: | epineurium
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| small, distinct regions of gray matter within the CNS are usually called: | nuclei
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| nerves that contain mostly efferent fibers are called: | motor nerves
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| gray matter in the CNS consists of: | cell bodies
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| most nerves in the human nervous system are: | mixed nerves
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| evidence now indicates that ____ may be replaced | neurons
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| regeneration of nerve fibers will occur if the cell body is intact and the fibers have a ____ | neurilemma
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| are there any differences between the CNS and PNS concerning the repair of damaged fibers? | yes
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| ____ ____ is a disorder of the nervous system that involves the glia, rather than the neurons | multiple sclerosis
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| ____ is a common type of brain tumor that is usually benign but may still be life-threatening | glioma
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| a highly malignant form of astrocytic tumor is known as ____ ____ | glioblastoma multiforme
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| an inherited glial disease characterized by numerous benign fibrous neuromas throughout the body is known as ____ ____ | neurofibromatosis
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| most disorders of the nervous system cells involve ___ rather than neurons | glia
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| the somatic motor division carries information to the ____ muscles | skeletal
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| incoming sensory pathways are ____ | afferent
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| the ____ division coordinates the body's normal resting activities and is sometimes referred to as the "rest and repair" division | parasympathetic
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| the myelin sheath is produced by ____ in the CNS | oligodendrocytes
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| the ____ are found only in peripheral neurons | Schwann cells
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| myelin sheath gaps are often called ____ | nodes of Ranvier
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| energy for the neuron is provided by ____ | mitochondria
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| myelinated fibers are ____ | white
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| ____ lie entirely within the central nervous system | interneurons
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| all electrical signals that start in receptors ____ invariable travel over a complete reflex arc and terminate in effectors | do not
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| axon (neurons or neuroglia) | neurons
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| supporting cells (neurons or neuroglia) | neuroglia
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| astrocytes (neurons or neuroglia) | neuroglia
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| sensory (neurons or neuroglia) | neurons
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| conduct impulses (neurons or neuroglia) | neurons
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| (neurons or neuroglia) form the myelin sheath around central nerve fibers | neuroglia
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| phagocytosis (neurons or neuroglia) | neuroglia
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| efferent (neurons or neuroglia) | neurons
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| multiple sclerosis (neurons or neuroglia) | neuroglia
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| multipolar (neurons or neuroglia) | neurons
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| What is considered the plasma membrane of muscle fiber cells? | Sarcolemma
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| What is another name for skeletal muscle? | Striated
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| Thick myofilaments extend the length of what? | A-bands
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| What is the first step of muscle relaxation? | After the impulse is over, the SR begins actively pumping calcium back into its sac.
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| What is the second step of muscle relaxation? | As calcium is stripped from toponym molecules in the thin myofilaments, tropomyosin returns to its position and blocks actin's active sites.
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| What is the third step of muscle relaxation? | Myosin cross bridges are prevented from binding to actin and thus can no longer sustain the contraction
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| What is the fourth step of muscle relaxation? | Because the thick and thin myofilaments are no longer connected, the muscle fiber my return to its longer, resting length.
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| Excitability or Irritability is the ability to: | be stimulated
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| If asked about a neuro transmitter, the answer will be: | Acetylcholine
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| What transfers energy from fuel to ATP and acts as a "backup" to ATP? | Creatine phosphate
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| Which catabolic pathway is used for energy when adequate oxygen is available from blood, is slower and produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule, and provides Long term energy rather than short term. | Aerobic Pathways
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| Which catabolic pathway provides Very rapid energy during first minutes of maximal exercise, occurs when low level of oxygen are available, Results in formation of lactic acid, which requires oxygen to convert back to glucose? | Anaerobic pathways
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| White fibers are also called: | Fast fibers
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| Muscle fatigue may be caused by? | ATP
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| What allows an electrical impulse traveling along a T tubule to stimulate membranes of adjacent sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | Triad
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| Each myofibril contains thousands of thick and thin _________ | myofilaments
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| Which type of protein molecules are shaped like two golf clubs twisted together? | Myosin
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| The myosin head temporarily forms a ______ _______ between the thick and thin filaments | cross bridge
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| The myosin heads bend with great force, literally pulling the thin filaments past them; this si often called the “_______ ________” of the myosin | Power stroke
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| Protein that holds tropomyosin molecules in place | Troponin
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| Globular protein that forms two fibrous strands twisted around each other to form the bulk of the thin filament | Actin
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| Protein that blocks the active sites on actin molecules | Protein that blocks the active sites on actin molecules
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| What ion is necessary for cross-bridging? | Calcium
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| What is a method of graphing the changing tension of a muscle as it contracts? | Myography
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| Name the three phases of twitch contractions? | Latent, contraction and relaxation
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| During the ______ phase of the twitch contraction, nerve impulses travel to the SR to trigger the release of calcium | Latent
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| Most body movements occur as a result of ________ type/types of contractions. | both isotonic and isometric
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| Where are cardiac muscles found? | Heart
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| Each _________ muscle contains parallel myofibrils | cardiac
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