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Car/Pul Unit 5
SPC Cardiopulmonary Physiology Unit 5 Exam 3
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is the role of the cerebral cortex in regulation of ventilation? | Conscious control of ventilation, but also controls singing and speech. |
Rhythmic Ventilation is a group of what? | Medullary Neurons |
What are the 2 types of Medullary Neurons? | (DRG) Dorsal Respiratory Group & (VRG) Ventral Respiratory Group |
T/F DRG and VRG are named for their location? | True |
What is the purpose of DRG? | Maintains normal ventilation rhythm |
What is the purpose of VRG? | Function during exercise or disease to activate the accessory muscles. |
What is the function of the Apneustic Center? | To "BOOST" inspiratory effort, aka "Gasping Center" |
Apneustic Center is aka as what? | Gasping Center |
What is the function of the Pneumotaxic Center? | To increase rate & simultaneously decrease tidal volume, aka "Panting Center" |
Pneumotaxic Center is aka as what? | Panting Center |
Which nerve innervates the carotid peripheral chemoreceptors? | Glossopharyngeal (IX) |
Which nerve innervates the aortic peripheral chemoreceptors? | Vagus (X) |
What is the chemical stimuli of the Peripheral Chemoreceptors? | 1. Increase production of Lactic Acids 2. Increase Arterial (H+) 3. Stimulation of Peripheral Chemoreceptors 4. Stimulation of Medullary Inspiration Neurons 5. Increase Alveolar Ventilation |
Peripheral Chemoreceptors kick in when? | At low O2 tensions PaO2 <60 & low pH H+ |
Central Chemoreceptors kick in when? | At CO2 tensions & low pH H+ |
What is the chemical stimuli of the Central Chemoreceptors? | 1. Decrease Ventilation 2. Increase Blood PCO2 3. Increase CO2 in CSF 4. Increase H+ CSF 5. Decrease pH in CSF 6. H+ stimulates Central Chemoreceptors 7. Respiratory components of the medulla increase alveolar ventilation |
What is the normal ventilatory response to CO2? | VE increases 3L/m for each mmHg rise in PACO2 |
What is the strongest stimulus to ventilation? | CO2 |
What are the factors which affect ventilatory response to CO2? | 1. Drugs: Depress the medullary center 2. Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine 3. Barbiturates: Pentobarbital, Secobarbital 4. Airway Obstruction: Acute or Chronic |
What is the ventilatory response to Hypoxia? | VE increase dramatically when PaO2 <60mmHg |
What is the ventilatory response to Hypoxia during Hypercapnia? | Hypercapnia significantly augments the hypoxic response. |
What is the ventilatory response to Hypoxia during Hypocapnia? | Hypocapnia significantly diminishes the hypoxic response. |
What is the ventilatory response to acute reduction in pH? | Acute Acidosis stimulates Peripheral Chemoreceptors & VE increases. The lower the pH, the greater the VE increases. |
What is the ventilatory response to hypocapnia during acidosis? | Hypocapnia diminishes the ventilatory response to acidosis |
What is the ventilatory response to hypercapnia during acidosis? | Hypercapnia intensifies the ventilatory response to acidosis |
What is the pH of CSF? | 7.32 |
The Blood-Brain barrier consists of what? | 1. Gasses like CO2 which diffuse across readily 2. Ions like H+, HCO3- active transport--slow process |
How is ventilation affected in Chronic Respiratory Acidosis? | 1. (HCO3-) increases in CSF & the Central Chemoreceptors are obtunded 2. Low PaO2 stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors establishing an Hypoxic drive |
How is ventilation affected in Ketoacidosis (Severe Metabolic Acidosis)? | H+ stimulates the central & peripheral chemoreceptors causeing a Kussmaul's breathing pattern & PaCO2 drop into the 20's |
What is Apneustic Breathing? | A sustained inspiratory maneuver is exhibited |
Apneustic breathing is caused by what? | Brainstem injuries |
What is Biot's Respiration? | 10-20 sec. periods of apnea followed by 3 to 5 identical volume breaths |
Biots breathing is caused by what? | Increased ICP |
What is Cheyne-Stokes Respiration? | A "Crescendo-Decrescendo" ventilatory pattern |
Cheyne-Stokes is caused by what? | Heart failure or severe brain damage |
What is Kussmaul's Breathing? | A ventilatory pattern characterized by rapid, deep breathing |
Kussmaul's breathing is caused by what? | Severe Ketoacidosis |