what does the pancreas produce?

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rad pos

abdomen

Question	Answer
2 main hepatic ducts join and form?	common hepatic duct
functions of the liver?	makes bile, channel of elimination of waste products of RBC production
largest gland of the body?	liver
the 2 main hepatic ducts come from where?	porta hepatis
function(s) of the gallbladder?	store bile
what does the pancreas produce?	insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes
functions of the spleen?	produces lymphocytes, stores and removes dead RBCs
how is blood supplied to the liver?	portal vein and hepatic artery
the common bile duct and pancreatic duct, together, form into the? (this is where the billiary tree ends)	hepatopancreatic ampulla
which of the following contrast media is classified as a non-allergic rxn that is due to fear/anxiety? vasomotor effect, vasovagal effect, anaphylactic effect, acute renal failure	vasomotor effect
if a pt expericences brachcardia after a contrast inj, that rxn is what type of effect? vasovagal, vasomotor, anaphylactic	vasomotor
primary purpose of membranous fold located in the cystic duct?	prevents distention or collpase of cystic duct
primary function of cholecytokinin?	stimulates gallbladder to contract
a laryngospasm is a symptom of ________ contrast media rxn? vasomotor, vasovagal, anaphylactic	anaphylactic
loss of consciousness due to reduced cerebral blood flow?	syncope
which of the following conditions is considered to be high risk for a contrast media study? hematuria, UTI, severe dehydration, renal calculi	severe dehydration
the serous membrane that lines the amdominopelvic walls is?	peritoneum
a proper KUB will show structures?	psoas muscles, lower border of liver, transverse process of lumbar vert, kidneys, ureters, bladder, pubic symphysis
most commonly performed abdominal exam?	KUB aka single supine abdomen
if a patient is unable to stand for an upright ap abd, which position should be used?	dorsal decubitus
center of IR for an AP abd rad done in supine position?	iliac crests
essential oblique projections for stomach and duodenum?	AP-LPO and PA-RAO
At what level is the IR centered for a PA projection of the stomach and duodenum?	L1-L2
drug given to a patient before a GI series to relax the GI tract?	glucagon
routinely used methods for stomach exams?	single and double contrast
patient prep for morning stomach exams?	NPO after midnight
describe administration of barium for esophagrams performed for esophageal varices?	exhale, swallow barium and hold breath out
essential projections for the esophagus?	AP or PA, lateral, PA Oblique
which plane is centered to the grid for lateral esophagus rads?	mid coronal plane
advantages of using recumbent position for esophagus rads?	varices better filled, more complete contrast filling of proximal parts
degree of body rotation for the PA oblique esophagus?	35-40 degrees
recommended oblique projection and position for the esophagus?	PA-RAO
Respiration phase for all rads of stomach and intestines?	expiration
most important technical consideration in GI radiography?	elimination of motion
how long does it take barium to go through the entire GI tract?	24 hours
contraction waves by which food is moved towards the rectum?	peristalsis
opening between the sm intestine and lrg intestine?	ileocecal valve
the vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to?	cecum
functions of the lrg intestine?	re-absorption of fluids, elimination of waste products
how many layers of wall compose the colon?	4
average length of the lrg intestine?	5 ft
expanded portion of the terminal esophagus?	cardiac antrum
muscular opening between the stomach and duodenum?	pyloric sphincter
body habitus where the stomach is nearly vertical?	asthenic
body type where the stomach is almost horizontal?	hypersthenic
functions of the stomach?	storage, chemical breakdown of food
average length of small intestine?	22 ft
2 valvles/sphincters that keep stomach contents contained?	esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter
4 sections of the stomach?	cardia (where esophagus empties into stomach, fundus (upper curvature), body (main portion), pylorus (lower section leading to the sm intestines)
widest portion of the small bowel?	duodenum
most distal part of sm intestine?	ileum
what do the common hepatic duct and cystic duct form?	common bile duct
suprarenal glands aka adrenals, are part of the urinary system? true or false	false, they sit on top of the kidneys, but play no role in the urinary system
essential projections for an esophagus series?	AP, PA, LAT, PA OBLIQUE
body rotation for stomach and duodenum?	40-70 degrees
advantages of double contrast of abdomen?	better to see small lesions and mucosal lining
ideal oblique position for esophagus?	PA-RAO
respiration for all GI series?	suspended after expiration
length of the alimentary canal?	30 ft
during an ERCP "spot" rads are usually taken to see the?	pancreatic and common bile ducts
degree of obliquity for a PA gallbladder?	15-40 degrees
oqlique position for gallbladder?	RAO
3 indications for an oral cholecystography?	cholelithiasis (gallstones), cholecytitis (inflammation of gallbladder), biliary stenosis (narrowing or constriction of bile duct)
cholelithiasis?	gallstones
cholecytitis?	inflammation of gallbladder
biliary stenosis?	narrowing or constriction of bile duct
which position best demonstrates stones in the gallbladder?	right lateral upright
degree of obliquity for a PA gallbladder?	15-40 degrees
CR angle for gallbladder?	zero
IR size for a SCOUT?	10 x 12
IR size for gallbladder?	8 x 10
what is the ideal patient position for a SCOUT gallbladder?	prone
how long before a cholecstography procedure is contrast given?	2-3 hours
center of IR for lateral projection on dorsal decubitus abd?	2" above iliac crests
what is placed perpendicular to the long axis of the grid for lateral projections of the and?	mid coronal plane
center of IR for an AP abd left lateral decubitus?	2" above iliac crests
which abd projections are done with the CR in the horizontal position?	PA upright and AP lateral decubitus
primary reason a left lateral decubitus rad of the abdomen is taken?	demonstrate air/fluid levels
during operative cholangiogram contrast study, which projection is used most?	AP and AP Oblique RPO
what is a cholecystogram?	gallbladder study
how long should exposure be delayed for a gallbladder and biliary tract study and why?	2 second delay, to permit peristalic action to subside
folds of the peritoneum that surround and support the abdominal organs?	omenta and mesentary
2 sphincters at the distal end of the common bile duct that control bile entering the duodenum?	sphincter of odi and choledocal sphincter
the hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by what sphincter?	sphincter of odi
the combining form cholangi(o) means?	bile ducts
coming form cholecysto means?	gallbladder
what projection/position will best demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?	PA Oblique-RAO
what projection/position best demonstrates the fundus of the stomach? AP Oblique-LPO, PA Oblique-RAO, PA, Lateral	AP Oblique-LPO
which projection/position of the stomach best demonstrates it's anterior and posterior surfaces? lateral, AP Oblique-LPO, PA Oblique-RAO, PA	lateral
which projection/position of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic hernia? PA, AP Trendelenburg, AP, AP right lateral decubitus, AP Oblique-RAO	AP trendelenburg
which position best demonstrates the retorgastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum on an AP abd projection? supine, trendelenburg, upright, lateral	supine, trendelenburg
which methods are used to administer barium for a rad exam of the sm intestines? by mouth, reflex filling, enteroclysis	by mouth, reflex filling and enteroclysis
the first sm intestine rad is taken how many minutes after pt drinks barium? 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes	15 minutes
essential projections for sm intestines?	AP, PA
where is the IR centered for a rad of the small intestine barium series after 30 minutes?	2" above iliac crests
high density barium is used primarily for?	double-contrast intestine studies
which position should the patient be placed in to insert the enema tip for a B.E?	SIM's
how far above the anus should the enema bag be placed for a B.E?	18-24"
the lrg intestines are made up of a series of pouches called?	haustra
the entire colon is best demonstrated in which projection?	PA or AP
which projection of the colon best demonstrates the posterior portions of the colon?	lateral, ventral decubitus
the mucosa of the small intestines contains a series of finger like projections called?	villi
where is the sigmoid colon found?	distal portion of the large intestines that joins to the rectum
where is the cecum located and how long is it?	first 5-8" of the large intestines
what are the divisions of the large intestine?	cecum, colon, rectum
divisions of the colon?	ascending colon (on right side, extending up), transverse colon (passes horizontally across abd), descending colon (goes down left side), sigmoid colon (attaches to rectum)
Why are Barium Enema studies performed?	detect and locate polyps, tumors or diverticula
what are the divisions of the small intestine?	duodenum (uppermost where pyloric end attaches), jejunum (where intestines turn forward and down), ileum (most distal portion of sm intestine)
why is an upper GI (UGI) series performed?	to examine the lower part of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, usually with a barium contrast. used to detect ulcerations, tumors, inflammation, hernia, obstructions.
fold of the epithelial lining are called?	rugae
what are the divisions of the stomach?	fundus (large area where esophagus attaches), body (main part of stomach), pylorus (distal portion of stomach)
the distal end of the common bile duct is controlled by what sphincter?	choledochal sphincter
where is the gallbladder found?	in the fossa on the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver
can the pancreas be visualized on a plain radiograph?	no
where is the spleen located?	LUQ, just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach
a three-way or acute abdominal series to rule out free air, bowel obstruction and infections includes what projections?	AP supine, AP upright, PA chest
structures shown on an AP abd projection?	liver, spleen, kidneys, area from pubic symphysis to upper abdomen.
for an abd right or left lateral decubitus, where is the CR directed?	horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR-2" above iliac crests
what does ERCP stand for?	endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatophraphy
contrast most commonly used for direct-injection techniques?	water-soluble iodinated compounds
what is ERCP commonly used for?	to diagnose biliary and pancreatic pathologic conditions
how long does it take for contrast to drain from normal bile ducts?	5 minutes
how long does it take barium to reach the ileocecal valve?	2-3 hours
most commonly used contrast medium for the alimentary canal?	barium sulfate
describe barium sulfate?	water insoluble salt, used for contrast studies
which moves faster through the GI tract, barium sulfate or iodinated solutions?	iodinated solutions, usually clear the stomach in 1-2 hours
orally iodinated medium differs from barium in what ways?	outline esophagus but does not adhere to the mucosa as barium does, permits more rapid survey of entire small intestines but is not as detailed as barium, can be used for rapid investigation of large intestines when enema study can't be done.
which contrast is better, barium or iodinated medium, if there is a possible perforation of the stomach or intestines?	water-soluble iodinated medium b/c it has no ill effects if it leaks out
disadvantages of iodinated contrast?	strong bitter taste, more hyperosmolar which encourages movement of excess fluid into the gastrointestinal tract lumen
what are the sections of the liver?	right lobe, left lobe( includes the caudal lobe, quadrant lobe)
the expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the	cardiac antrum
a properly exposed abdominal radiograph will exhibit the	psoas muscles lower border of liver, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
the muscular opening between the stomach and the duodenum is termed the	pyloric sphincter
for which type of body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal?	hypersthenic
for which type of body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?	asthenic
widest portion of the small bowel is the?	duodenum
the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic wall is called the?	peritoneum
what vessels convey blood to the liver?	hepatic artery, portal vein
most distal portion of the small intestine is the?	ileum
the jejunum & ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the?	mesentary
the main functions of small bowel are?	digestion and absorption
the main functions of the lg intestine are?	absorption of fluid, elimination of waste
the vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to the?	cecum
the opening between small intestine and lg intestine is called the?	ileocecal valve
contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents toward the rectum are?	peristalsis
what is the recommended obl proj for the best demonstration of the esophagus?	PA RAO
what is the degree of body rotation for the pa obl proj of the esophagus?	35-40 degrees
which of following are essential proj for esophagus series?	AP, lateral, PA oblique
which of following planes is ctrd to the grid for the lateral proj of esophagus?	midcoronal plane
food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours b4 a stomach exam?	8 hours
patient prep for morning stomach exam is?	NPO after midnight
which following are advantages of using dbl contrast technique for exam of stomach?	Less radiographs are required, small lesions are not obscured, the mucosal lining is seen
what drug may be given to the patient b4 a dbl exam of stomach to relax gi tract?	glucagon
a pa proj of stomach and duodenum can be performed using a 24 x 30 ir which of following describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this proj?	a sagittal plane passing half way between the midline and the lateral border of the abdomen
at which lvl is the ir centered for a pa proj of the stomach and duodenum? L1 l2	L1-L2
how much lower should the ir be positioned when upright is used for proj of the stomach?	3-5"
which plain is centered to the IR for projections of the stomach and duodenum?	midsaggital plane
which of the following are essential obl proj of the stomach and duodenum?	AP, LPO, PA RAO
how much is the body rotated for the pa obl proj of the stomach and duodenum?	40-70 degrees
degree of body rotation for the pa obl proj of the stomach will depend on the body habitus. The greatest degree of rotation would be used for which body habitus?	hyersthenic
which of the following sill demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?	PA RAO
which of following planes is centered to the grid for the pa obl proj of the stomach and duodenum?	Longitudinal plane, midway between the vertebrae and lateral border of the elevated side
which lvl is the ir centered for the ap or pa obl stomach and duodenum?	L1-L2
what is Avg degree of body rotation for an ap obl proj of stomach and duodenum?	45 degrees
which proj will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach?	AP Oblique, LPO
which planes is positioned to ctr of grid for lat proj of the stomach and duodenum?	Plane passing midway between the Midcoronal plane and the anterior surface of the abdomen
which proj of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?	Lateral
which proj of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation?	AP Trendelenburg
which positions best demonstrate the retro gastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum on an ap proj of the stomach?	Supine, Trendelenburg
which methods are used to administer barium for a radiographic exam of the small intestine?	Mouth, reflux filling, enteroclysis
the patient prep for a small intestine exam is?	NPO 12 hours
essential proj for exam of small intestine?	AP, PA
where is ir centered for radiograph of the small intestine that are taken within 30 mins of drinking the barium?	2" above iliac crests
where is ir centered for delayed radiograph of small intestine?	iliac crests
high density barium sulfate is used primarily for?	dbl contrast intestine exam
prep of the intestinal tract for exam of the colon includes?	laxatives, dietary restrictions, cleansing enemas
the entire colon is best demonstrated in which proj?	PA, AP
which proj of colon best demonstrates posterior portions of the colon?	Lateral, ventral decubitus
which body habitus is the lg intestine bunched together and positioned very low in the abdomen?	Asthenic
most commonly performed abdomen exam is?	KUB
where is the center of the ir positioned for an ap abdomen, radiograph done in the supine position?	iliac crests
where is the center of the ir positioned for an upright pa abdomen , use landmark stated in book not what would be in clinical?	2" above iliac crests
when is the contrast for oral cholecystography given to the patient?	2-3 hours after a low-fat/fat free meal
common indications for performing oral cholecystography include?	cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, biliary stenosis
which of the following are clearly shown on a lat abdomen proj done in the dorsal decubitus?	which of the following are clearly shown on Pre vertebral space, air fluid levels
common indications for performing oral cholecystography include?	cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, biliary stenosis
specific radiographic exam of gallbladder is termed?	cholecystography
which of the following combining forms refers to the common bile duct?	Choledocho
which position is the preferred position for the scout radiograph of the gallbladder?	prone
why is the prone position the best position for demonstrating the structures of the biliary system?	Places the structures closer to the ir
what is ir size that should be used for radiograph of the biliary tract and gall bladder?	8 x 10
which part of small intestine is shortest?	duodenum
which part of small intestine is 3/5 of length?	ileum
which pt of lg intestine is located highest?	left colic flexure
which part of lg intestine has widest diameter?	cecum
which part of colon has greatest amt of potential movement?	transverse colon
which part of colon most likely filled with air, when patient is prone?	Transverse and sigmoid colon
which procedures is functional study?	small bowel series
telescoping of one part of intestine into another?	itelescoping of one part of intestine into another: intussusception
the stovepipe radiographic sign is often seen with?	Chronic ulcerative colitis
the tapered or corkscrew radiographic sign is seen with?	Volvulus
during initial enema tip insertion the tip is aimed at?	Towards umbilicus
dbl contrast barium enema, ideal kvp?	90 to 100

Created by: srehrauer

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