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Which of the following terms suggests the idea that psychological factors affect physical functioning?
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Using the word “psychosomatic” to describe a disorder that has an obvious physical component is considered misleading. Why is this so?
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Ch.9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following terms suggests the idea that psychological factors affect physical functioning? | Psychosomatic |
| Using the word “psychosomatic” to describe a disorder that has an obvious physical component is considered misleading. Why is this so? | It gives the impression that psychological disorders like anxiety or depression do not have a biological component. |
| What change in public health led to the shift being referred to as the second revolution? | the focus from infectious disease shifted to psychological and behavioural factors affecting health |
| What new field of study reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological/behavioural factors as causes of illness and death? | Behavioral Medicine |
| According to the principles of health psychology, what is the best protection against acquiring AIDS? | changing risky behaviours that can lead to disease acquisition |
| If you were to look at the deaths of 100 people who died the same day, how many of those peoples’ deaths would be associated with lifestyle factors? | 50 |
| In 1936, Canadian researcher Hans Selye discovered that giving injections to laboratory rats caused them to develop ulcers. His finding led to a new area of study. What is it called? | Stress Physiology |
| Hans Selye described the sequence of stages the body goes through in response to sustained stress. What is this sequence called? | General Adaptive Syndrome |
| What do we call the physiological response of an individual to a stressor? | Stress |
| Research has shown that increased levels of cortisol in response to stress may cause damage to which of the following? | Brain |
| What happens when the HPA axis is activated? | The adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol. |
| Which of the following may occur as a result of increased cortisol levels in response to chronic stress? | Compromised Hippocampal Activity |
| Tara’s HPA axis was activated. Which chemical level just increased in her body? | corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) |
| What is the final process in the activation of the HPA axis? | Secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland |
| What does research suggest is a common characteristic of both mental disorders and physical disorders? | Psychological, biological, and social factors all are implicated in the cause and maintenance of each type of disorder. |
| Every year during the finals week in December, Judy would come down with a severe cold. It was the only cold she would get each year. What is the most likely explanation for this pattern of colds? | The stress of final exams left Judy more susceptible to colds. |
| Justin has been under a lot of stress. His body is beginning to shows signs of having too much cortisol. Which symptoms might Justin be showing? | Impaired immune system functioning |
| Taking regular blood samples from them. The dominant male baboon, “Rafiki” has shown +cortisol than others. Dr. Thick is not surprised because of something that happened about half an hour earlier. What might Dr. Thick have seen? | Lightening struck a tree in the habitat and one baboon was injured. |
| Researchers studying baboons found that subordinate animals, unlike dominant animals, continually secrete cortisol, probably because their lives are so stressful. What did the researchers discover about the subordinate males’ HPA axis? | It is less sensitive to the effects of cortisol and therefore less efficient in turning off the stress response. |
| What did a longitudinal research study of 200 men (Vaillant, 1979) discover about individuals who developed psychological disorders or who were highly stressed? | They became chronically ill at a higher rate than those who remained relatively well adjusted. |
| According to your textbook, stressful events can make us feel irritable, excited, anxious, or depressed. Why are so many different reactions possible? | They share a similiar physiology |
| What type of stress may be more problematic for the immune system than acute stress, because the effects are longer lasting? | Chronic Stress |
| Which of the following is a known connection between emotion and health? | The evidence suggests that depression lowers immune system functioning. |
| One of the ways in which the immune system is weakened in AIDS patients is that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) directly attacks certain lymphocytes. Which lymphocytes are these? | Killer T cells |
| Dr. Frode is studying how nerve endings may be involved in the immune system. What type of tissue could Dr. Frode be studying? | Bone Marrow |
| Which of the following relationships is NOT reflected in the new medical specialty called “psychoneuroimmunology”? | The cardiovascular System |
| What is the focus of psychoneuroimmunology? | the study of the relationships among stressors, the endocrine system, the nervous system, and the immune system |
| When is a person infected with HIV most likely to receive an AIDS diagnosis? | only after the development of one of several serious diseases (e.g., wasting syndrome) |
| What is the closest estimate of the total number of people worldwide afflicted with HIV in 2011? | More than 34 million |
| According to Bongaarts and Over (2010), when did adult and child deaths from AIDS begin to level off because of aggressive treatment and prevention efforts in some parts of the world? | 2004 |
| Garrett has HIV and participated in a study of “highly active antiretroviral therapy” (HAART) in 2003 but dropped out of the program. What is the most likely reason he dropped out of the study? | Because of the side effects |
| What did a review of the literature on the effectiveness of group therapy for HIV-positive individuals conclude? | Although further study is needed, there seem to be positive changes in immune and endocrine activity associated with structured group interventions. |
| According to Antoni and colleagues (1991), when men who thought they might be HIV positive became involved in a stress-reduction program, what was the result? | AN increase in immune system functioning |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the ways psychosocial interventions, such as stress-reduction techniques for chronically ill individuals, are thought to affect the disease process via the immune system? | Increasing patients self esteem |
| What does the new field of psycho-oncology study? | The psychosocial factors of cancer |
| Carlson and colleagues (2004) conducted research on the use of “mindfulness-based therapy” with early-stage breast and prostate cancer patients. They found post-intervention improvements in several areas. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas? | Increase in problem solving |
| Von Bayer compared effectiveness of 2 differnt strategies to help children manage pain. For younger children, strategy in which children were to direct their attention toward their internal sensations less effective than another strat.What was the other | being directed to engage in progressive relaxation exercises |
| You and your friend Bob are both in your late 30s. Bob informs you that he has been diagnosed with the silent killer. What health-related issue does he have? | Hypertension |
| Compared to children of parents with normal blood pressure, what level of risk do children of parents with hypertension have in developing hypertension themselves? | Twice the risk |
| Studies that have examined neurobiological causes of hypertension have focused on two factors that are central to the regulation of blood pressure. What are these factors? | autonomic nervous system activity and mechanisms regulating sodium in the kidneys |
| In trying to determine if the type A/type B classifications are reliable and valid as predictors of heart disease, which of the following becomes apparent? | Not every individual shows distinctively type A or type B characteristics. |
| Paul is worried about cardiovascular disease because of a strong family history. Paul is already trying a stress-reduction intervention. His friend Mike, a doctor, suggests that something else may be just as effective. What does Mike recommend? | An excercise intervention |
| While Mr. Jones is participating in a clinical research study, he is instructed to imagine a situation in which he is very angry. What will the sensors monitoring his heart most likely reveal? | His heart is pumping less efficiently |
| Psychologist Kim Lavoie and her colleagues (2004) noted that CHD and another disorder often co-occur, and CHD patients with this additional disorder suffer greater morbidity and mortality rates than do CHD patients without it. What is the other disorder? | Panic Disorder |
| Mr. Tam is a pain catastrophizer. Which of the following would he NOT likely report when he is experiencing pain? | “If I can’t deal with this, I’m not strong enough to deal with anything else in my life either.” |
| Changes in the sensory cortex of the brain are thought to contribute to phantom limb pain, in which people who have lost the limb that is no longer there. Which is most likely an additional factor in the intensity of pain and distress experienced? | the belief that pain is disastrous, uncontrollable, or reflective of personal failure |
| Which of the following is an example of the phenomenon known as “operant control” of pain behaviour? | Kate’s family has always been critical and demanding. However, since her accident, family members have become caring and sympathetic. |
| In the phenomenon known as “operant control” of pain, what determines the pain behaviours manifested by an individual? | social consequences |
| Which of the following factors would make a person feel more pain according to the gate control theory of pain?? | Anxiety |
| Hannah just had a rush of endorphins. What are the endorphins doing in her body? | They are shutting down the sensation of pain |
| What theory of pain accommodates both psychological and physical factors? | Gate control theory of pain |
| Endogenous opioids have been implicated in a variety of psychopathological conditions. Which of the following is one of these conditions? | Eating disorders |
| Regarding gender differences in the experience of pain, which of the following is a condition that men suffer more frequently than women? | back ache |
| Females may have an “extra” pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the reproductive system. What is one implication of this biological gender difference? | Males and females may benefit from different kinds of medications and different kinds of pain management. |
| In the mid-19th century, what disorder was thought to cause symptoms of fatigue, vague aches and pains, low-grade fever, and lack of energy? | neurasthania |
| In Sharpe’s chronic fatigue syndrome model, key lifestyle attributes were identified. Which of the following was an identified lifestyle? | Prefer solitary work lifestyles |
| Various psychological factors have been implicated in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). researchers found that feelings of helplessness and depression were associated with another factor. What is this other factor? | perceiving the cause of CFS as internal and believing that one has no control over the illness |
| What did some experiments with rats reveal about postsurgical pain in rats? | It doubles the rate that a certain cancer gets to the lungs |
| What is biofeedback? | a process by which a person is helped to become aware of his or her physiological functions |
| In the 1960s, Neal Miller produced the first experimental evidence suggesting physiological functions were subject to voluntary control. What did he use? | Operant conditioning with animals |
| Why do clinicians use physiological monitoring equipment in biofeedback procedures? | to make the responses visible and/or audible to the patient |
| Which of the following physiological functions is a focus of biofeedback procedures? | EEG Rhythms (Brainwaves) |
| Alan has cancer and is in pain. What treatment is Alan likely receiving? | Insufficient pain killers to eliminate the pain |
| It has been suggested that biofeedback relieves the pain of tension headaches because it “teaches people to relax.” What is the more likely reason? | The biofeedback training gives patients a sense of control over their headache pain. |
| According to recent clinical studies, which of the following combined with biofeedback is helpful in relieving pain? | Relaxation Procedurs |
| How does the original progressive muscle relaxation technique devised by Edmund Jacobson in 1938 differ from the way the procedure is usually taught in clinics today? | The procedure is usually taught in a much shorter period of time now and is rarely the sole treatment. |
| In the 1970s, Herbert Benson developed a brief relaxation procedure. What did this procedure involve? | Focusing on a word |
| Which of the following is one of the important items in the comprehensive pain management programs’ daily stress record? | Triggers |
| Hannah is sitting quietly. She is focused on a mantra and softly repeats the sound “om” as her breathing slows and her body relaxes. What is Hannah engaging in? | transcendental meditation |
| Jacobson developed the procedure of progressive muscle relaxation in 1938. Compared to today, what is the difference in the time frame for a patient to acquire the skills to master the art of relaxation? | Jacobson’s original procedure took months or even years; today the procedure is taught in a matter of weeks. |
| In keeping daily records of the stressful events in their lives, patients in pain management programs are taught to be very specific about certain issues. Which of the following is one of these issues? | What seems to trigger stress |
| Cognitive therapy is used in stress management programs to help clients learn several techniques. Which of the following is one of these techniques? | assessing the role of their current relationships in their experience of stress |
| Compared to less frequent users, how are frequent users of pain-relieving medications likely to benefit from pain management programs? | frequent users are less likely to benefit |
| According to Scheier and colleagues (1989), how can a person who undergoes coronary artery bypass surgery recover more quickly and achieve a stronger quality of life six months after surgery? | By being optimistic |
| Some studies indicate that the value of denial as a coping mechanism for illness may depend on one thing more than anything else. What is it? | Timing |
| Some studies indicate that the value of denial as a coping mechanism for illness may depend on one thing more than anything else. What is it? | Injury |
| According to Spielberger and Frank (1992), what is crucial criterion in mediating virtually all factors that lead to injury? | Addressing psychological factors |
| A patient has a stress-related physical disorder. How should a health psychologist who uses behaviour modification procedures begin when treating the patient? | by helping the patient enhance motivation to change unhealthy behaviours |
| What is the long-term impact of denying an illness when you are first diagnosed? | It enables the development of better coping mechanisms later. |
| In which of the following cases is six-year-old Madison most likely to maintain the safety skills she learned for riding her bicycle? | if assessments of her safety skills are continued |
| What appears to be the only effective prevention strategy currently available for reducing the spread of AIDS? | Changing high risk behaviour |
| How many causes of death in children in Canada are more common than injuries? | One |
| With regard to the epidemic of AIDS in Africa, when is an individual most likely to become HIV positive? | following heterosexual sex with an infected partner |
| John and Lily, do not know each other, have both learned recently that they are HIV positive, following sexual intercourse with an infected partner. Landis suggest is the most likely to occur with respect to John’s and Lily’s behaviour in the future? | Both John and Lily will continue to have unprotected sex. |
| Jess is working hard on some informational pamphlets about reducing risks of acquiring HIV. She has studied the demographics at risk and has a flashy, appealing design to her pamphlet. What impact will her pamphlets likely have? | They will not cause a reduction in high-risk behaviours. |
| Which of the following is NOT likely to bring about changes in “risky” behaviours for individuals who are at risk for HIV/AIDS? | distribution of educational and informational pamphlets about the disease |
| Fisher and colleagues conducted three school-based HIV prevention interventions with high schools,focused on knowledge, motivation, behavioural skills, and actual behaviour. What did they determine to be of great importance in preventing HIV in youth? | adding psychological techniques to educational efforts |
| Which of the following was NOT a feature of the HIV prevention intervention program implemented by Fisher and colleagues (2002) for high school students? | recommending sexual abstinence as the only way to prevent HIV transmission |
| According to a Health Canada (1999) report on HIV prevention, what should Canadian schools focus on regarding sexual diseases? | Schools should expand the existing school sexual disease curriculum; it should be designed to be more broadly based and involve parents. |
| In the behavioural change program to address the high rate of smoking in China, what was the most innovative aspect of that program? | It was the children of smokers who intervened with their fathers to stop smoking. |
| Ping lives in China and recently helped with a massive antismoking campaign. What did she likely do?v | Reported her father’s smoking habits to her school principal. |
| In the 1989 massive antismoking campaign in China, the results indicated that 12 percent of the 10 000 fathers in the intervention group quit smoking for at least six months. In a control group of 10 000, how many quit smoking? | 0.2 percent |
| One of the most successful efforts to reduce risk factors for a medical condition involved 3 entire communities in California, in which residents received one of three different types of int. What was the targeted condition in this effort? | Heart disease |
| Meyer and colleagues (1980) conducted a community study in California to reduce the risk factors for coronary heart disease. What did the results indicate as the most effective aspect of intervention? | individual counselling in addition to a media campaign about heart disease |
| In an effort to reduce sexual infections among inner-city black females, a program called SIHLE (Sistas Informing, Healing, Living, Empowering) was developed. Unlike other prevention programs, | building motivation through instilling pride |
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