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RADT 465 Safety
ARRT registry review covering rad protection, physics & radiobiology content.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where most of the natural background radiation comes from? | Radon & thoron gases: 37% Pg. 231 |
| Where does most of medical radiation come from? | CT: 24% Pg. 231 |
| ____________ radiation comprises 70% to 90% of the primary x-ray beam. | Brems Pg. 232 |
| Distance between two consecutive wave crests. | Wavelength Pg. 234 |
| Two types of x-radiation that are produced at the anode through energy conversion processes. | Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic radiation. Pg. 234 |
| Response is proportional to the dose | Linear Pg. 236 |
| Dose that must be received before a response can occur | Threshold Pg. 236 |
| No safe dose-- even one photon can cause a response | Nonthreshold Pg. 236 |
| Effects that are usually a result of a high dose in a short period of time. | Early Pg. 236 |
| Examples of late effects | Carcinogenesis, cataractogenesis, embryologic effect & lifespan shortening Pg. 236 |
| Nonstochastic/Deterministic | Threshold, nonlinear, includes all early effects and some later effects Pg. 237 |
| Stochastic/Probabilistic | No threshold, linear, genetic effects, cancer and includes most late effects Pg. 237 |
| Risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation can be divided into two categories | Deterministic (nonstochastic) and probabilistic (stochastic) Pg. 237 |
| This law states that the most radiosensitive cells are young, undifferentiated, and highly mitotic cells. | The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau Pg. 241 |
| This is another means of expressing radiation quality and determining the radiation-weighing factor | LET Pg. 241 |
| The most radiosensitive cell | Lymphocyte Pg. 242 |
| Different ways to reduce risk to recently fertilized ovum | Elective scheduling. Patient questionnaire. Posting. Pg. 242 |
| Different types of acute radiation syndromes | Hematopoietic, Gastrointestinal & CNS Pg. 246 |
| Stages of acute radiation syndrome | Prodromal, latent, manifest illness and recovery or death Pg. 246 |
| The type of dose response curve used to predict probabilistic effects is the | Linear non threshold Pg. 250 |
| What is used to account for the relative radiosensitivity of various tissues and organs? | Tissue weighting factors Pg. 250 |
| How are wavelength and energy related? | Inversely Pg. 250 |
| What does beam restriction do? | Reduces patient dose. Reduces production of scatter radiation. Improves image quality. Pg. 254 |
| Types of beam restrictors | Aperture diaphragm, cone/cylinder and collimator Pg. 254 |
| The most important way to reduce patient dose? | Beam restriction Pg. 256 |
| mAs controls | Quantity. No effect on quality. Pg. 257 |
| kV controls | Quality. Affects quantity. Pg. 257 |
| What factors help keep patient dose to a minimum? | Low mAs and high kV Pg. 258 |
| This removes the low-energy x-rays from the primary beam. | Filtration Pg. 258 |
| What does inherent filtration include? | Glass envelope, oil coolant/insulation Pg. 259 |
| What is total filtration? | Inherent + added filtration Pg. 259 |
| Gonadal shielding should be used if | Gonads lie in or within 5 cm of the collimated field Pg. 259 |
| To reduce exposure to reproductive organs, you should perform abdominal radiography & scoliosis series in what position? | PA Pg. 263 |
| Two types of AECs | Ionization chamber and phototimer Pg. 264 |
| When used properly, AECs ensure: | Consistency of the receptor exposure, patient dose and image quality Pg. 264 |
| Equipment operating above ________kV must have a minimum total filtration of ___________ mm Al equivalent. | 70; 2.5 Pg. 267 |
| The x-ray tube housing must keep leakage radiation to less than ________mR/h when measured 1 m from the tube. | 100 Pg. 267 |
| What do you use to test a single phase equipment x-ray timer? | Spinning top Pg. 267 |
| SSD must be at least ________ inch in stationary (fixed) fluoroscopic equipment, and at least _______ inch for mobile fluoroscopic equipment. | 15; 12 Pg. 267 |
| The SID indicator must be accurate to within _________% of the indicated SID. | 2 Pg. 267 |
| The quality assurance term used to describe consistency in exposure at adjacent mA station is? | Linearity Pg. 270 |
| How does filtration affect the primary beam? | It increases the average energy of the primary beam Pg. 270 |
| Protect from the useful beam | Primary Barriers Pg. 277 |
| Protect from scattered and leakage radiation | Secondary Barriers Pg. 277 |
| Cardinal principles of radiation protection | Time, distance and shielding Pg. 281 |
| The height of the primary beam must be at least | 7ft. Pg. 283 |
| Different types of radiation monitors | OSL. TLD. Film badge. Pocket dosimeter Pg. 289 |
| Radiation-absorbed dose | rad Pg. 288 |
| Radiation equivalent man | rem Pg. 288 |
| Ionization in the air | Roentgen Pg. 288 |
| Purpose of filters in a film badge is | To measure radiation quality Pg. 298 |
| Dose limits established for the OSL, TLD, film badge, and pocket dosimeter are valid for | Beta, x, and gamma radiation Pg. 298 |
| The NCRP recommends an annual effective occupational dose-equivalent limit of | 50 mSv (5 rem) Pg. 298 |
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