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PA Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why do Cells divide? | - growth and repair |
| Why do cells grow in numbers and not size? | - cells need to pass large volumes of materials across a membrane. The larger the cells, the less efficient |
| DNA Overload | - when there are too many demands (due to the fact a cell is so large) the DNA cannot process these demands |
| Binary Fission | - simpler type of meiosis for bacterial cells |
| Sister Chromatids | - replicated chromosomes (exactly the same) |
| Homologous Chromosomes | - chromosomes that code for the same traits but aren't genetically identical |
| Goal of Mitosis | - cells to divide for growth and repair |
| How do daughter cells compare to original parent cell? | - identical to one another |
| Somatic vs. Gametes | s=normal g=sex cells |
| Diploid Cells vs. Haploid Cells | d=2n h=n |
| What are cell cycle checkpoints? | - they make sure the cell is prepared to enter the next phase |
| Internal Regulators of the Cell Cycle | - if chromosomes are replicated - if spindle fibers are attached |
| External Regulators of the Cell Cycle | - if the growth factors bind - cell to cell contact |
| Apoptosis | - if a cell doesn't pass a certain checkpoint, it goes through regulated cell death, and pops |
| Tumors | - mass of cells that wont stop dividing |
| Benign Tumors | - abnormal cells remain at the site causing a lump |
| Malignant Tumors | - spreads, displaces tissue, interrupts organ function |
| Metastasis | - spread of cancerous cells via the circulatory system (Very Dangerous) |
| Oncogenes and Protooncogenes | - normal role: Gas - recessive |
| Tumor Suppressor Genes | - normal role: brake - dominant |
| Radiation | - affects the cells that divide that are damaged, but not as much the normal cells |
| Chemotherapy | -attacks the cells that go through mitosis |
| Independent Assortment | - creates random sets of chromosomes in gametes because chromosomes separate independently of one another when reproductive cells develop |
| Haploid | - one set or half the number of chromosomes |
| Diploid | - 2 sets of chromosomes or full amount of chromosomes |
| Random Fertilization | - since fertilization is random, it has many possible gamete possibilities due to independent assortment |
| Crossing Over | - occurs during prophase 1 -homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange segments of genetic material - these new chromosomes are called recombinant chromosomes |
| Tetrad | - formed when homologous chromosomes come together during Prophase 1 to perform crossing over |
| Non-disjunction | - failure of chromosomes to separate properly (anaphase 1) |
| Somatic Mutaions | - occurs in non-germline tissue - non inheritable |
| Germline Mutations | - occurs in germline tissue (egg/sperm) - inheritable |
| Law of Dominance | - dominant alleles are expresses over recessive alleles |
| Law of Independent Assortment | - every allele separates into gametes independently of eachothers |
| Law of Segregation | - each gamete contains only one allele |
| Monohybrids are... | - a cross between 1 trait |
| Dihybrids are... | - a cross between 2 traits |
| Incomplete Dominance | - one allele is not completely expressed over the other "blend" - How to write: "dominant" R, "recessive" R' |
| Co-dominance | - when a heterozygous genotype expresses both phenotypes - how to write: H^R H^W |
| Multiple Alleles | - one gene can have many possible alleles ex: Blood |
| antigen | - substance able to stimulate an immune system response located on the outside of a red blood cell |
| antibody | - protein made by the immune system that binds to antigens and renders it harmless |
| Universal Donor (blood type) | O- |
| Universal Recipient (blood type) | AB+ |
| Which blood types can donate and receive? | Donate to: Receive from: A A, AB A,O B B,AB B, O AB AB AB, A,B,O O O, A,B,AB O |
| Apply Multiple Alleles and Co-dominance to blood typing | Multiple alleles: there are 4 different blood types, represented by multiple alleles (I^A, I^B, i) Codominance: 2 phenotypes can be shown at once (ex: AB) |
| Polygenic Traits | traits that are controlled by multiple genes ex: skin color, eye color, height |
| Pleiotropy | one gene that codes for multiple traits ex: PKU, Marfan syndrome, hemophilia |
| Sex Linked Traits | traits controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes (usually X) |
| X-Linked Traits - significance on males | - Y chromosome doesn't have a locus for traits therefore the males phenotype is completely dependent on the mother's genotype |
| Gene Linkage | - tendancy of certain alleles to be inherited together |
| Difference between gene linkage and crossing over | linked together=inherited together - not going to cross over - no independent assortment |
| Linked Genes vs. Crossing Over | -chromosomes can have both types - some will stay linked - some will cross over - genes close together generally stay linked - we see re-combinations from crossing over when genes are far apart |
| Recessive Epistasis | the recessive genotype controls the other genotype Ex: Labs - Color Gene 1: Represented by B B = Black b = Brown Color Expression Gene 2: Represented by E E = Will express color e = Will not express color |
| 2 most important ways genetic variation happens in cells | - independent assortment - crossing over - NOT RANDOM FERTILIZATION |
| Rh Factor | - follows traditional mendelian genetics - + is dominant |
Created by:
alexa3918
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