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Section 3
Notes from CRC Exam Prep Book
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Continuous Theory of Development? | Suggest that development occurs as a process of smooth, gradual, and incremental change. |
| What is the discontinuous theory of development? | Development occurs as a series of steps with clear-cut, qualitative different changes occurring from one phase to the next. |
| What is the nativist perspective? | Developmental idea that states Hereditary, genetic, or biological factors influence development |
| What is the nurturist perspective? | Developmental idea that states The environment shapes behavior, and can modify genetic inclinations |
| What is the combined perspective? | Developmental idea that states Both nature and nurture have relative influence on human development |
| Is there a personality type associated with a specific disability? | NO |
| Is there a simple or direct relationship between adjustment and the severity of a disability? | NO |
| How to individuals adjustment to disabilities? | Adjustment to disability is an individual reaction and similar people with similar disabilities react differently |
| What are Criticisms of various stage or phase models for adjustment and acceptance? | The proposed reactions to CID are not universally accepted; Final adjustment is not in reality experienced but that in reality the process of adjustment is cyclical; The fact that unavoidable stages may lead to delay inter. while waiting for adjustment |
| What is the ecological model of adaptation? | suggest that adjustment depends between the person’s available personal, social, and environmental resources and demands on resources. |
| What is the quality of life model? | suggest that adaptation can be assessed and understood in terms of the effect of CID on and the attempt to restore QOL. |
| What are Freud's Psychosexual stages? | Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |
| What is the oral stage? | birth to 2 – issues involve the need to rely upon and trust caregivers to provide nurturance and satisfaction |
| What is the anal stage? | 2 to 3 – toilet training, conflicts with parents over power and control. |
| What is the phallic stage? | 4 to 5 – sexuality and relationships with same sex and opposite sex parent (Oedipus & Electra complex) |
| What is the latency stage? | 6 to 12 – development of social skills, communication skills, self-confidence |
| What is the genital stage? | 12 to maturity – sexual energy is increasingly invested in mature sexual relationships, friendships, career |
| What are Erikson's Psychosocial stages? | Trust v mistrust – birth to 1 Autonomy v shame – 2 to 3 Initiative v guilt – 4 to 5 Industry v inferiority – 6 to 11 Identity v role con – adolesc Intimacy v isolation – young adult Generativity v stag. – mid age Integrity v despair – lat. life |
| What are Piaget's cognitive development stages? | Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| What is the sensorimotor stage? | birth to 2 – increasing awareness of sensory-motor integration, object permanence |
| What is the preoperational stage? | 2 to 7 – capacity to use symbols to portray external world, egocentrism |
| What is the concrete operational stage? | 7 to 11 – mastery of logical operations, rule-based operation in environment |
| What is the formal operational stage? | 11 and up – capacity for abstract thinking |
| What is a schema? | a cognitive structure, or set of related ideas or concepts, that people use to function in and respond to situations |
| What is assimilation? | refers to the process of taking in new knowledge and information and interpreting it so as to fit in the existing schema or view of the world. |
| What is disequilibrium? | result of awareness that current observations cannot be made to fit within existing schema |
| What is accommodation? | the development or evolving of new schemata to fit existing and new information to develop new understandings of the world. |
| What is Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Social Development Theory? | influence of social interaction and culture in dev; development occurs in and depends upon social interaction; culture is assimilated by interactions with other people; Potential for indiv cognitive dev depends on the zone of proximal development |
| What is sexuality? | a collection of characteristics that identify and communicate the sexual nature of an individual |
| What is the Social model of disability? | disability is the result of a social structure that excludes certain people from accessing employment, social resources, and positive identities. |
| What are Topics that CRCs should be prepared to discuss include the areas of? | o Fertility o Sexual expression o Prevention of unwanted pregnancies o Prevention of sexual abuse o Establishing sexual relationship with a partner o Dating issues o Sexual orientation issues |
| How do active learners learn? | retain and understand information best through activity, such as discussing, or applying, or explaining the information |
| How do reactive learners learn? | prefer to think through the material and tend to prefer working alone |
| What do sensing learners prefer? | learning facts |
| What do Intuitive learners prefer? | discovering possibilities and relationships |
| What do Visual learners learn? | remember best what they see |
| What do verbal learners learn? | remember words best, both written and spoken |
| What are sequential learners? | learners gain understanding in logical linear steps |
| What are global learners? | absorb material in terms of the big picture |
| What are factors that influence learning styles? | o Environmental situation o Personal-emotional characteristics o Sociological preferences for learning o Physiological characteristics o Global aspects |
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